Nucleotides

N6-methyl adenosine (N6-methyl ATP) is a base modified analog of adenosine and is found as a minor nucleoside in natural RNAs (Meyer et al.). N6-methyl ATP can substitute for ATP in some biological systems, and is a potent agonist for P2Y-purinoceptors in the guinea pig, taenia coli (Burnstock et al.). In vitro studies showed that N6-methyl ATP substituted for ATP and supported cytoskeletal filament-driven translocation of motor proteins (dynein, kinesin and myosin) (Schliwa et al. & Shimizu et al.). N6-methyl ATP is also a substrate for RNA polymerase and can be used for preparation of modified RNA (Rohayem & Kariko et al.).

RNA methylation signals a plethora of cellular functions including biochemical and metabolic stabilization of RNA, immune response, resistance to antibiotics, mRNA reading frame maintenance, splicing and more. Methylation of the 5 position of cytidine is a common, post-transcriptional modification in a number of RNA species, such as mRNA, miRNA and tRNA. 5-Methylcytidine-5'-Triphosphate (5-Methyl-CTP) is a modified nucleoside triphosphate employed to impart desirable characteristics such as increased nuclease stability, increased translation or reduced interaction of innate immune receptors with in vitro transcribed RNA. 5-Methyl-CTP, as well as Pseudo-UTP and 2-Thio-UTP, have been shown to reduce innate immune stimulation in culture and in vivo while enhancing translation in recent publications by Kormann et al. and Warren et al. Kormann et al. demonstrated the improvement of therapeutic mRNA in vivo delivery by chemical modification. Chemical modifications explored included Pseudo-U,

dATP, dCTP, (dGTP:7-deaza-dGTP) and dTTP at 10 mM Each dNTP is analyzed separately by AX-HPLC, RP-HPLC, 31P NMR, and Mass Spec. The components are tested in a standardized PCR assay. *1:3 ratio of dGTP:7-deaza-dGTP Note: The 2 µmole size is enough material for 400 reactions.

CleanAmp dNTPs significantly reduce or even eliminate mis-priming and primer dimer formation during PCR by blocking nucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerase until elevated temperatures are achieved. Like other Hot Start approaches, these modified nucleoside triphosphates are activated by the elevated temperatures of PCR thermal cycling. CleanAmp dNTPs offer precise control at the start of PCR thermal cycling thereby vastly improving PCR specificity. CleanAmp dNTP Mix contains dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP at 10 mM each. Each dNTP is analyzed separately by AX-HPLC, RP-HPLC, 31P NMR and Mass Spec, and the dNTP mix is further tested in a standardized PCR assay.

RNA methylation signals a plethora of cellular functions including biochemical and metabolic stabilization of RNA, immune response, resistance to antibiotics, mRNA reading frame maintenance, splicing and more. Methylation of the 5 position of cytidine is a common, post-transcriptional modification in a number of RNA species, such as mRNA, miRNA and tRNA. 5-Methylcytidine-5'-Triphosphate (5-Methyl-CTP) is a modified nucleoside triphosphate employed to impart desirable characteristics such as increased nuclease stability, increased translation or reduced interaction of innate immune receptors with in vitro transcribed RNA. 5-Methyl-CTP, as well as Pseudo-UTP and 2-Thio-UTP, have been shown to reduce innate immune stimulation in culture and in vivo while enhancing translation in recent publications by Kormann et al. and Warren et al. Kormann et al. demonstrated the improvement of therapeutic mRNA in vivo delivery by chemical modification. Chemical modifications explored included Pseudo-U,

CleanAmp dNTPs significantly reduce or even eliminate mis-priming and primer dimer formation during PCR by blocking nucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerase until elevated temperatures are achieved. Like other Hot Start approaches, these modified nucleoside triphosphates are activated by the elevated temperatures of PCR thermal cycling. CleanAmp dNTPs offer precise control at the start of PCR thermal cycling thereby vastly improving PCR specificity. CleanAmp dNTP Mix contains dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP at 10 mM each. Each dNTP is analyzed separately by AX-HPLC, RP-HPLC, 31P NMR and Mass Spec, and the dNTP mix is further tested in a standardized PCR assay.