ELISA

Plasminogen activator,urokinase(PLAU, uPA) converts plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin is involved in processing of amyloid precursor protein and degrades secreted and aggregated amyloid-beta, a hallmark of Alzheimer disease(AD). Urokinase has a molecular mass of about 54 kD and is composed of 2 disulfide-linked chains, A and B, of molecular masses 18 kD and 33 kD, respectively. It localized on 10q24. uPA facilitates cell migration by localizing proteolisys on the cell surface and by inducing intracellular signalling pathways. In human vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC), uPA stimulates migration via the uPA receptor(uPAR) signalling complex containing TYK2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3-K).

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor(uPAR) is a key molecule in the regulation of cell-surface plasminogen activation and, as such, plays an important role in many normal as well as pathological processes. The cDNA for Mo3, an activation antigen expressed by human monocytes and myelomonocytic cell lines after stimulation by a variety of agents. Mo3 expression in vivo is associated predominantly with macrophages in inflammatory sites. It is a highly glycosylated protein of about 50 kD in monocytes where it is anchored to the plasma membrane by glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage. The complete coding sequence of the cDNA has been found to encode 419 amino acids including a predicted signal peptide of 22 residues and a hydrophobic C-terminal portion. Mo3 is identical to the human receptor for the urokinase plasminogen activator. UPAR is a useful prognostic marker for biologically aggressive forms of endometrial cancer. PLAUR is located at chromosome 19q13.1-q13.2. The stand

Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM-1) is a cell surface glycoprotein adhesive for certain blood leukocytes and tumor cells, which is expressed by activated endothelium in a variety of pathologic conditions including atherosclerosis. Increased expression of VCAM1 is associated with a variety of chronic inflammatory conditions, making its expression and function a target for therapeutic intervention. Integrin alpha4beta1(VLA-4) and VCAM-1 facilitate a critical cell-cell adhesion event required for survival of endothelial and mural cells during vascularization. The VCAM1 gene is assigned to the 1p31-32 region of chromosome 1 based on the analysis of human-mouse hybrid cell lines and in situ hybridization. The standard product used in this kit is recombinant mouse VCAM-1, a dimeric protein linking with a disulfide bond. It consists of Phe25-Glu698 amino acid sequence of a single chain with the molecular mass of 101.9KDa. As a result of glycosylation, the molecular mass of 120KDa is rev

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor(VPF/VEGF), a potent cytokine expressed by most malignant tumors, has critical roles in vasculogenesis and both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF produced by tumor cells potently stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis and plays a key role in the pathophysiology of several neoplasias. VEGF may also play a pivotal role in mediating the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. VEGF, a major regulator of angiogenesis, binds to two receptor tyrosine kinases, KDR/Flk-1 and Flt-1. The VEGF gene is mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosome 6p12.

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor(VPF/VEGF), a potent cytokine expressed by most malignant tumors, has critical roles in vasculogenesis and both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF produced by tumor cells potently stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis and plays a key role in the pathophysiology of several neoplasias. VEGF may also play a pivotal role in mediating the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. VEGF, a major regulator of angiogenesis, binds to two receptor tyrosine kinases, KDR/Flk-1 and Flt-1. The VEGF gene is mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosome 6p12.The standard product used in this kit is recombinant rat VEGF164, which is a 25KDa single chain as well as a 50KDa dimer.

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor(VPF/VEGF), a potent cytokine expressed by most malignant tumors, has critical roles in vasculogenesis and both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF produced by tumor cells potently stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis and plays a key role in the pathophysiology of several neoplasias. VEGF may also play a pivotal role in mediating the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. VEGF, a major regulator of angiogenesis, binds to two receptor tyrosine kinases, KDR/Flk-1 and Flt-1.The VEGF gene is mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosome 6p12. The standard product used in this kit is recombinant mouse VEGF164, a 42KDa dimer.

sVEGFR1, also known as sFMS-related tyrosine kinase 1(sFLT1). Oncogene sFLT belongs to the src gene family and is related to oncogene ROS . Like other members of this family, it shows tyrosine protein kinase activity that is important for the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. sFLT is mapped to 13q12. sVEGF receptor 1 signaling is essential for osteoclast development and bone marrow formation in colony-stimulating factor 1-deficient mice. The standard product used in this kit is recombinant human sVEGFR1, consisting of 905 amino acids with the molecular mass of 100KDa.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR-2) also known as Kinase insert domain receptor(KDR, a type III receptor tyrosine kinase) is a VEGF receptor. Through in situ hybridization of a genomic DNA probe to metaphase chromosomes, VEGFR2 was localized to 4q11-->q12. VEGF receptor 2 and the adherens junction act as shear-stress cotransducers, mediating the transduction of shear-stress signals into vascular endothelial cells.