ELISA

Thrombospondin-2(TSP-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THBS2 gene. And this gene is mapped to 6q27. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the thrombospondin family. It is a disulfide-linked homotrimeric glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. This protein has been shown to function as a potent inhibitor of tumor growth and angiogenesis. Studies of the mouse counterpart suggest that this protein may modulate the cell surface properties of mesenchymal cells and be involved in cell adhesion and migration. TSP-2 has been shown to interact with MMP2.

CD105, also called Endoglin, is a homodimeric membrane glycoprotein primarily associated with human vascular endothelium. It is also found on bone marrow proerythroblasts, activated monocytes, and lymphoblasts in childhood leukemia. Endoglin is a component of the transforming growth factor-beta(TGFB) receptor complex and binds TGFB1 with high affinity.1 CD105 gene is mapped to 9q34.1. The coding region of the gene contains 14 exons.2 The protein consists of a homodimer of 180 kDA with disulfide links. Endoglin has a role in the development of the cardiovascular system and in vascular remodeling. Its expression is regulated during heart development. Furthermore, it also has a role in the balance of ALK1 and ALK5 signaling to regulate endothelial cell proliferation.3 Moreover, the elevated expression of endoglin in the surgically excised CNVMs suggested a persisting postmitotic activation in an advanced stage of neovascular tissue.4 The standard product used in this kit is extracellular

A Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAM8 gene. ADAM8 is localized to chromosome 10q26.3. This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain) family. Members of the ADAM family, such as ADAM8, are cell surface proteases involved in remodeling of extracellular matrix, cell migration, and processing of membrane-bound signaling molecules. They are characterized by disintegrin and metalloprotease domains that confer adhesive properties and proteolytic activities, respectively. And the protein encoded by this gene may be involved in cell adhesion during neurodegeneration.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q25). AFP is the most abundant plasma protein found in the human fetus. Plasma levels decrease rapidly after birth but begin decreasing prenatally starting at the end of the first trimester. Normal adult levels are usually achieved by the age of 8 to 12 months. The function of AFP in adult humans is unknown; however, in rodents it binds estradiol to prevent the transport of this hormone across the placenta to the fetus. The main function of this is to prevent the virilization of female fetuses. As human AFP does not bind estrogen, its function in humans is less clear.

Angiopoietin 1 and Angiopoietin 2 are important for development of the endothelium, by regulating tyrosine phosphorylation of the membrane receptor Tie 2. Angiopoietin 2 is only 60% homologous with Angiopoietin 1. Angiopoietin-2 is a naturally occurring antagonist of angiopoietin-1 that competes for binding to the TIE2 receptor and blocks ANGPT1-induced TIE2 autophosphorylation. Angiopoietin 1 binding to Tie 2 causes phosphorylation of the receptor. Angiopoietin 2 competes for this binding, and thus blocks receptor phosphorylation. Angiopoietin 2 expression occurs at sites of vascular remodelling: dorsal aorta and major aortic branches, ovary, placenta and uterus.

Amyloid precursor protein(APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. Its primary function is not known, though it has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity and iron export. APP is best known and most commonly studied as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates beta amyloid(Abeta), a 39- to 42-amino acid peptide whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. APP undergoes posttranslational proteolytic processing by alpha-, beta-, and gamma-secretases. Alpha-secretase generates soluble amyloid protein, while beta- and gamma-secretases generate APP components with amyloidogenic features. These 2 processing pathways are mutually exclusive.

Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AXL gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. Although it is similar to other receptor tyrosine kinases, the Axl protein represents a unique structure of the extracellular region that juxtaposes IgL and FNIII repeats. It transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding growth factors like vitamin K-dependent protein growth-arrest-specific gene 6. It is involved in the stimulation of cell proliferation. This receptor can also mediate cell aggregation by homophilic binding. Axl is a chronic myelogenous leukemia-associated oncogene and also associated with colon cancer and melanoma. It is in close vicinity to the bcl3 oncogene, which is at 19q13.1-q13.2. The Axl gene is evolutionarily conserved between vertebrate species. This gene has two different alternatively spliced transcript variants.

Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AXL gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. Although it is similar to other receptor tyrosine kinases, the Axl protein represents a unique structure of the extracellular region that juxtaposes IgL and FNIII repeats. It transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding growth factors like vitamin K-dependent protein growth-arrest-specific gene 6. It is involved in the stimulation of cell proliferation. This receptor can also mediate cell aggregation by homophilic binding. Axl is a chronic myelogenous leukemia-associated oncogene and also associated with colon cancer and melanoma. It is in close vicinity to the bcl3 oncogene, which is at 19q13.1-q13.2. The Axl gene is evolutionarily conserved between vertebrate species. This gene has two different alternatively spliced transcript variants.

TNFRSF17(Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17), also called BCMA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF17 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily and is mapped to 16p13.13. This receptor is preferentially expressed in mature B lymphocytes, and may be important for B cell development and autoimmune response. This receptor has been shown to specifically bind to the tumor necrosis factor(ligand) superfamily, member 13b(TNFSF13B/TALL-1/BAFF), and to lead to NF-kappaB and MAPK8/JNK activation. This receptor also binds to various TRAF family members, and thus may transduce signals for cell survival and proliferation.