ELISA

Chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 13(CCL13) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. Its gene is located on human chromosome 17 within a large cluster of other CC chemokines. CCL13 induces chemotaxis in monocytes, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and basophils by binding cell surface G-protein linked chemokine receptors such as CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5. Activity of this chemokine has been implicated in allergic reactions such as asthma. CCL13 can be induced by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha.

Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MERTK gene. This gene is a member of the MER/AXL/TYRO3 receptor kinase family and encodes a transmembrane protein with two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type(immunoglobulin-like) domains, and one tyrosine kinase domain. Its gene is mapped to chromosome 2q14.1. Mer encodes a 984-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 109 kD. It is expressed in numerous neoplastic B- and T-cell lines. Mutations in this gene have been associated with disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) phagocytosis pathway and onset of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa(RP)

Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER, also called MERTK is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MERTK gene. This gene is a member of the MER/AXL/TYRO3 receptor kinase family and encodes a transmembrane protein with two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type(immunoglobulin-like) domains, and one tyrosine kinase domain. This gene is mapped to 2q13. MERTK signaling plays a role in various processes such as macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, cytoskeleton reorganization and engulfment. Functions in the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) as a regulator of rod outer segments fragments phagocytosis. This gene also plays an important role in inhibition of Toll-like receptors(TLRs)-mediated innate immune response by activating STAT1, which selectively induces production of suppressors of cytokine signaling SOCS1 and SOCS3.

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MICA gene.1 The MICA gene encodes a 383-amino acid polypeptide with a predicted mass of 43 kD. The MICA and MICB genes occur in a 200-kb region spanning the TNFA and TNFB cluster at 6p21.3.2 MICA and the closely related MICB were recognized by intestinal epithelial T cells expressing diverse V-delta-1 gamma/delta TCRs.3 The MICA protein product is expressed on the cell surface, although unlike canonical class I molecules does not seem to associate with beta-2-microglobulin. It is further distinguished by its unusual exon-intron organization and preferential expression in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. It is thought that MICA functions as a stress-induced antigen that is broadly recognized by NK cells, NKT cells, and most of the subtypes of T cells. MICA and other members of this family may have been selected for specialized functions that are either ancient or derived from those of typical MHC c

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MIF gene.1, 2 This gene is located to human chromosome 22q11.2.3 It is remarkably small; it has 3 exons separated by introns of only 189 and 95 bp, and covers less than 1 kb.4 This gene encodes a lymphokine that may be involved in cell-mediated immunity, immunoregulation, and inflammation.5 MIF plays a role in the regulation of macrophage function in host defense through the suppression of anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. This lymphokine and the JAB1 protein might form a complex in the cytosol near the peripheral plasma membrane, which may possibly indicate a role in integrin signaling pathways. MIF also plays a central role in the toxic response to endotoxemia and possibly septic shock. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor has been reported to interact with COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5, CD74, BNIPL, and CXCR4.

Macrophage Stimulating 1(SMT1), also known as Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein(HGFL) and MSP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MST1 gene. The HGFL gene was identified at the DNF15S2 locus on human chromosome 3(3p21). The RON tyrosine kinase), the receptor for MSP, is expressed on the ciliated epithelia of the mucociliary transport apparatus of the lung. Furthermore, MSP stimulated ciliary motility in these cells by activating RON.

Prostate-specific antigen(PSA), also known as kallikrein III, seminin, semenogelase, gamma-seminoprotein and P-30 antigen) is a 34 kD glycoprotein manufactured almost exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen in the seminal coagulum and allows sperm to swim freely.1It is also believed to be instrumental in dissolving the cervical mucous cap, allowing the entry of sperm.2It is a serine protease enzyme, the gene of which is located on the nineteenth chromosome(19q13).3

Kallikrein gene 5(KLK5, also known as KLK-L2), located on chromosome 19q13.4, is one of the newly identified members of the kallikrein gene family, which is a subgroup of the serine protease enzyme family. In normal human tissues, KLK5 is highly expressed in skin, mammary gland and testis. KLK5 has been suggested to regulate cell shedding(desquamation) in conjunction with KLK7 and KLK14, given its ability to degrade proteins which form the extracellular component of cell junctions in the stratum corneum. It is proposed that KLK5 regulates this process since it is able to self-activate in addition to activating KLK7 and KLK14.

KLK6(Kallikrein-related peptidase 6), also called KALLIKREIN 6, NEUROSIN, PROTEASE M, ZYME or PRSS9, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK6 gene. This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. The encoded enzyme is regulated by steroid hormones. Northern blot analysis revealed that the PRSS9 mRNA was expressed in several primary tumors and cell lines from mammary, prostate, and ovarian cancers, but was not detected in any metastases of these cancers. The KLK6 gene is mapped on 19q13.41. In tissue culture, the enzyme has been found to generate amyloidogenic fragments from the amyloid precursor protein, suggesting a potential for involvement in Alzheimer's disease. Upon cellular stress, neurosin was released from mitochondria to the cytosol, which resulted in the increase of degraded alpha-synuclein species. Neurosin may play a significant role in physiologic alpha-synuclein degradation and also in the pathogenesis of synuc