ELISA

P53(also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53), is a tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. The human P53 gene is mapped to chromosome 17. Human p53 is 393 amino acids long and has seven domains. It runs as a 53-kilodalton(kDa) protein on SDS-PAGE. The pattern of p53 splicing was specific for brain areas and for individuals. And human kidney and heart expressed only full-length p53. It has played a vital role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is also known as serpin F1 (SERPINF1). In humans, it is encoded by the SERPINF1 gene. PEDF has a variety of functions including antiangiogenic, antitumorigenic, and neurotrophic properties. It suppresses retinal neovascularization and endothelial cell proliferation. And Antiangiogenic function is also conferred by PEDF through inhibition of both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. In addition, the antitumorigenic effects of PEDF are not only due to inhibition of supporting vasculature, but also due to effects on the cancer cells themselves. PEDF is shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and increase apoptosis via the FAS/FASL pathway. Expression of PEDF in the human retina is found at 7.4 weeks of gestation, suggesting it may play a role in retinal neuron differentiation.

Plasminogen activator, tissue, also called PLAT or TPA is a serine protease. This gene encodes tissue-type plasminogen activator, a secreted serine protease which converts the proenzyme plasminogen to plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme. Tissue-type plasminogen activator is synthesized as a single chain which is cleaved by plasmin to a two chain disulfide linked protein. This gene was mapped to 8p11.21. This enzyme plays a role in cell migration and tissue remodeling. Increased enzymatic activity causes hyperfibrinolysis, which manifests as excessive bleeding; decreased activity leads to hypofibrinolysis which can result in thrombosis or embolism.

Tryptases are serine proteases implicated in asthma and are highly expressed in human mast cells. They are derived from at least 4 nonallelic genes clustered on chromosome 16p13.3: TPSAB1, which represents the alpha and beta-I tryptase alleles; TPSB2, which represents the beta-II and beta-III tryptase alleles; TPSG1; and TPSD1. Elevated levels of serum tryptase occur in both anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions, but a negative test does not exclude anaphylaxis. Tryptase is less likely to be elevated in food allergy reactions as opposed to other causes of anaphylaxis.

Thrombospondin 1, also known as THBS1, is a protein that in humans in encoded by the THBS1 gene. Thrombospondin 1 is a subunit of a disulfide-linked homotrimeric protein. This protein is an adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. By in situ hybridization, the THBS1 gene was mapped to human 15q15 and the cognate gene to mouse chromosome 2(region F) and was localized to 15q11-qter by Southern analysis of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids. Thrombospondin I is a multimodular secreted protein that associates with the extracellular matrix and possesses a variety of biologic functions, including a potent antiangiogenic activity. Other thrombospondin genes include thrombospondins II, III, and IV.

Interleukin 13(IL-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene. IL-13 is cytokine secreted by many cell types, but especially T helper type 2(Th2) cells, that is an important mediator of allergic inflammation and disease. IL-13 induces its effects through a multi-subunit receptor that includes the alpha chain of the IL-4 receptor(IL-4Ralpha) and at least one of two known IL-13-specific binding chains. Most of the biological effects of IL-13, like those of IL-4, are linked to a single transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6(STAT6). The IL13 gene is clustered with IL3, IL5, IL4, and CSF2 on 5q. Physical maps of the 5q23-q31 region show the following order: cen--IL3--CSF2--IL13--IL4--IL5--tel, with IL13 particularly close to IL4.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), a member of the chemokine(chemotactic cytokine) family, is a potent monocyte agonist that is upregulated by oxidized lipids.1 MCP-1 is also known as CCL2, SCYA2, MCAF. MCAF is a member of family of factors involved in immune and inflammatory responses. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence reveals the primary structure of the MCAF precursor to be composed of a putative signal peptide sequence of 23 amino acid residues and a mature MCAF sequence of 76 amino acid residues.2 MCP-1 plays a unique and crucial role in the initiation of atherosclerosis and may provide a new therapeutic target in this disorder.3

Kallikrein-1, also known as tissue kallikrein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. This serine protease generates Lys-bradykinin by specific proteolysis of kininogen-1. KLK1 is a member of the peptidase S1 family. Its gene is mapped to 19q13.3. In all, it has got 262-amino acids which contain a putative signal peptide, followed by a short activating peptide and the protease domain. The protein is mainly found in kidney, pancreas, and salivary gland, showing a unique pattern of tissue-specific expression relative to other members of the family. KLK1 is implicated in carcinogenesis and some have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers.

Carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) is a complex immunoreactive glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 180,000 comprising 60% carbohydrate. It is found in adenocarcinomas of endodermally derived digestive system epithelia and in fetal colon. Carcinoembryonic antigen is one of the most widely used tumor markers in serum immunoassay determinations of carcinoma.