ELISA

L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes. It belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize sialylated carbohydrate groups. It is cleaved by ADAM17.SELL(L-selectin) is a cell surface component that is a member of a family of adhesion/homing receptors which play important roles in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. The molecule is composed of multiple domains: one homologous to lectins, one to epidermal growth factor, and two to the consensus repeat units found in C3/C4 binding proteins.1 L-selectin acts as a "homing receptor" for leukocytes to enter secondary lymphoid tissues via high endothelial venules. Ligands present on endothelial cells will bind to leukocyte expressing L-selectin, slowing leukocyte trafficking through the blood, and facilitating entry into a secondary lymphoid organ at that point2.

Angiopoietin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANGPTL2 gene. Angiopoietins are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family and the only known growth factors largely specific for vascular endothelium. Angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, and angiopoietin-4 participate in the formation of blood vessels. Human and mouse ANGPT2 are 85% identical in amino acid sequence and approximately 60% identical to their ANGPT1 homologs. Transgenic overexpression of ANGPT2 in mice disrupted blood vessel formation in the mouse embryo. By FISH and radiation hybrid analysis, the human ANGPT2 gene was mapped to 8p23, and in a region of syntenic homology on mouse chromosome 8, where the Angpt2 gene was mapped. ANGPT2 is a naturally occurring antagonist of angiopoietin-1 that competes for binding to the TIE2 receptor and blocks ANGPT1-induced TIE2 autophosphorylation during vasculogenesis .

Chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 4, also known as CCL4, is a protein which in mouse is encoded by the CCL4 gene. It is a CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 receptors. It is a chemoattractant for natural killer cells, monocytes and a variety of other immune cells. CCL4 is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T cells. Performing-low memory CD8+ T cells that normally synthesize MIP-1-beta. By analysis of somatic cell hybrids and by in situ hybridization, the CCL4 gene was assigned to 17q21-q23. Based on functional analysis of MIP-1beta, one or more additional beta chemokine receptors that transduce MIP-1beta signals must also exist. MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta have been shown to lack affinity for the erythrocyte surface chemokine receptor/Duffy antigen that binds many alpha as well as beta chemokines(11, 14).

Intercellular adhesion molecule 3(ICAM3) also known as CD50(Cluster of Differentiation 50), is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the intercellular adhesion molecule(ICAM) family. ICAM3 is closely related to ICAM1, consists of 5 immunoglobulin domains, and binds LFA1 through its 2 N-terminal domains. This protein is constitutively and abundantly expressed by all leucocytes and may be the most important ligand for LFA-1 in the initiation of the immune response. It functions not only as an adhesion molecule, but also as a potent signalling molecule. ICAM3 has been shown to interact with EZR and Moesin.

Melanoma Inhibiting Activity(MIA), also known as cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein(CD-RAP), is an approximately 11-15 kDa protein that is expressed as a noncovalent homodimer. MIA is structurally related to OTOR/Otoraplin and MIA-2 in a small family of secreted proteins with one SH3 domain(1-3). And the MIA gene was mapped to 19q13.32-q13.33 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Beside, It is a marker for malignant melanoma. MIA functions as a chemoattractant for mesenchymal stem cells and enhances their BMP-2 and TGF-beta3 induced differentiation into chondrocytes . MIA-deficient mice exhibit delayed chondrocyte differentiation but enhanced chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage repair .

Myeloid differentiation primary response gene(88)(MYD88) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the MYD88 gene. By interspecific backcross mapping, the mouse MyD88 gene was localized to chromosome 9; the human homolog was mapped to 3p22-p21.3 The human ortholog MYD88 seems to function similarly to mice, however, available evidence suggests that MYD88 is dispensable for human resistance to common viral infections and to all but a few pyogenic bacterial infections, demonstrating a major difference between mouse and human immune responses.

Myeloperoxidase(MPO) is a mammalian phagocyte hemoprotein thought to primarily mediate host defense reactions. It is abundantly expressed in neutrophils and secreted during their activation. Myeloperoxidase is part of the host defense system of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, responsible for microbicidal activity against a wide range of organisms. It is located in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm. Intranuclear MPO may help to protect DNA against damage resulting from oxygen radicals produced during myeloid cell maturation and function.

The endothelins is a family of structurally and pharmacologically distinct peptides, which has been identified and sequenced in humans. Three isoforms of human endothelin have been identified: endothelin-1, -2, and -3. Endothelin-1 is a potent, 21-amino acid vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium having a key role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelins are implicated in vascular diseases of several organ systems, including the heart, general circulation and brain. Endothelins are proteins that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. They are normally kept in balance by other mechanisms, but when they are over-expressed, they contribute to high blood pressure(hypertension) and heart disease.

Kallikrein-14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK14 gene. Kallikrein-14 belongs to the kallikrein subgroup of serine proteases, which have diverse physiologic functions in many tissues. Kallikrein-14 gene is identified in the kallikrein gene cluster on chromosome 19q13.4. This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Growing evidence suggests that many kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and some have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers. Kallikrein-14 may activate or inactivate the proteinase-activated receptors F2R, F2RL1 and F2RL3 and other kallikreins including KLK1, KLK3, KLK5 and KLK11.