ELISA

Transforming growth factor-beta 2(TGF-beta 2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development. This gene is mapped to 1q41. It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. TGF-beta 2 is present at elevated levels in the aqueous humor of patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). Studies have shown that TGF-beta 2 influences cultured trabecular meshwork cells, and it reduced outflow facility when perfused into cultured human anterior segments. In POAG, elevated expression of Gremlin by TM cells inhibited BMP4 antagonism of TGF-beta 2 and led to increased extracellular matrix deposition and elevated IOP.

Transforming growth factor-beta 2(TGF-beta 2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development. This gene is mapped to 1q41. It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. TGF-beta 2 is present at elevated levels in the aqueous humor of patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). Studies have shown that TGF-beta 2 influences cultured trabecular meshwork cells, and it reduced outflow facility when perfused into cultured human anterior segments. In POAG, elevated expression of Gremlin by TM cells inhibited BMP4 antagonism of TGF-beta 2 and led to increased extracellular matrix deposition and elevated IOP.

Transforming growth factor-beta 2(TGF-beta 2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development. This gene is mapped to 1q41. It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. TGF-beta 2 is present at elevated levels in the aqueous humor of patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). Studies have shown that TGF-beta 2 influences cultured trabecular meshwork cells, and it reduced outflow facility when perfused into cultured human anterior segments. In POAG, elevated expression of Gremlin by TM cells inhibited BMP4 antagonism of TGF-beta 2 and led to increased extracellular matrix deposition and elevated IOP.

Interleukin-17 receptor C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL17RC gene. By genomic sequence analysis, IL17RC gene was mapped to chromosome 3p25.3-p24.1. This gene encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein that shares limited similarity with the interleukin-17 receptor. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been detected for this gene, but the full-length nature of only three have been determined to date. The biologic activity of IL-17 is dependent on a complex composed of IL-17RA and IL-17RC, suggesting a new paradigm for understanding the interactions between the expanded family of IL-17 ligands and their receptors.

Periostin, also known as OSF2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POSTN gene. The International Radiation Hybrid Mapping Consortium mapped the POSTN gene to chromosome 13. Periostin functions as a ligand for alpha-V/beta-3 and alpha-V/beta-5 integrins to support adhesion and migration of epithelial cells. It is found that periostin was overexpressed by the majority of human primary breast cancers examined. After myocardial infarction, periostin-induced cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry and mitosis were associated with improved ventricular remodeling and myocardial function, reduced fibrosis and infarct size, and increase angiogenesis.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B, also known as TNFRSF13B or more commonly as TACI, is a transmembrane receptor protein found predominantly on the surface of B cells, which are an important part of the immune system. TACI controls T cell-independent B cell antibody responses, isotype switching, and B cell homeostasis. TACI is a lymphocyte-specific member of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) receptor superfamily. It was originally discovered because of its ability to interact with calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand(CAML). TACI was later found to play a crucial role in humoral immunity by interacting with two members of the TNF family: BAFF and APRIL. These proteins signal through TACI inducing activation of several transcription factors including NFAT, AP-1, and NF-kappa-B which then modulate cellular activities. Defects in the function of TACI can lead to immune system diseases.

C5a is a protein fragment released from complement component C5. This gene is mapped to 9q33.2. The protein encoded by this gene is the fifth component of complement, which plays an important role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. This protein is comprised of alpha and beta polypeptide chains that are linked by a disulfide bridge. An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin that possesses potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derived from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a convertase. The C5b macromolecular cleavage product can form a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for formation of the membrane attack complex, which includes additional complement components. Mutations in this gene cause complement component 5 deficiency, a disease where patients show a propensity for severe recurrent infections. Defects in this gene have also been linked to susceptibility to liver fibrosis and to rheumatoid arthritis.

CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) receptor family. Its alternative names are tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9(TNFRSF9), 4-1BB and induced by lymphocyte activation(ILA). CD137 gene was localized to chromosome 1p36.Members of this receptor family and their structurally related ligands are important regulators of a wide variety of physiological processes and play an especially important role in the regulation of immune responses. CD137 can be expressed by activated T cells, but to a larger extent on CD8 than on CD4 T cells. The best characterized activity of CD137 is its costimulatory activity for activated T cells. Crosslinking of CD137 enhances T cell proliferation, IL-2 secretion survival and cytolytic activity. Further, it can enhance immune activity to eliminate tumors in mice.

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF14 gene. TNFSF14 has also been designated as CD258, as well as LIGHT. It was mapped on chromosome 19p13.3. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) ligand family. This protein may function as a costimulatory factor for the activation of lymphoid cells and as a deterrent to infection by herpesvirus. This protein has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of T cells, and trigger apoptosis of various tumor cells. This protein is also reported to prevent tumor necrosis factor alpha mediated apoptosis in primary hepatocyte. Two alternatively spliced transcript variant encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.