ELISA

Chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 12(CCL12) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that has been described in mice. It is also known as monocyte chemotactic protein 5(MCP-5) and, due to its similarity with the human chemokine MCP-1, sometimes it is called MCP-1-related chemokine. CCL12 specifically attracts eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. This chemokine is found predominately in lymph nodes and thymus under normal conditions, and its expression can be hugely induced in macrophages. It is thought to coordinate cell movements during early allergic reactions, and immune response to pathogens. The gene for CCL12 is found in a cluster of CC chemokines on mouse chromosome 11.

TLR1 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family(TLR) of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. TIR1 gene was mapped to 4p14 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. TLR1 recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern with a specificity for gram-positive bacteria. TLR1 has also been designated as CD281(cluster of differentiation 281). TLR1 interacts with TLR2 to recognize the lipid configuration of the native mycobacterial lipoprotein as well as several triacylated lipopeptides.

Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene. TLR2 has also been designated as CD282(cluster of differentiation 282). TLR-2 plays a role in the immune system. TLR-2 is a membrane protein, a receptor, which is expressed on the surface of certain cells and recognizes foreign substances and passes on appropriate signals to the cells of the immune system. TLR2 expresses as 4- and 4.4-kb mRNAs in heart, brain, and muscle.

GDF-15(Growth differentiation factor 15),also known as TGF-PL, MIC-1, PDF, PLAB, and PTGFB, is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that has a role in regulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in injured tissues and during disease processes. Using FISH, the MIC1 gene is mapped to 19p13.2-p13.1. Its expression in liver can be significantly up-regulated in during injury of organs such as liver, kidney, heart and lung. GDF15 showed increased expression and secretion during erythroblast maturation. GDF15 functions as an anti-inflammatory cytokine by directly interfering with chemokine signaling and integrin activation.

Interleukin 17F, also called IL17F is involved in the regulation of normal versus aberrant T-cell responses. This gene is mapped to 6p12.2. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that shares sequence similarity with IL17. This cytokine is expressed by activated T cells, and has been shown to stimulate the production of several other cytokines, including IL6, IL8, and CSF2/GM_CSF. This cytokine is also found to inhibit the angiogenesis of endothelial cells and induce endothelial cells to produce IL2, TGFB1/TGFB, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. It is suggested that targeting IL17 and IL17F or antagonizing IL17R might mitigate neutrophil-mediated inflammation in CF.

Chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 8, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 2(MCP-2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL8 gene. CCL8 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The CCL8 protein is produced as a precursor containing 109 amino acids, which is cleaved to produce mature CCL8 containing 75 amino acids. The gene for CCL8 is encoded by 3 exons and is located within a large cluster of CC chemokines on chromosome 17q11.2 in humans. Monocyte chemotactic protein 2(MCP-2) is a CC chemokine that utilizes multiple cellular receptors to attract and activate human leukocytes.

Nesfatin-1 is a naturally occurring protein molecule produced by the brains of mammals. It is responsible for regulating appetite and production of body fat. Nesfatin-1 is a metabolic polypeptide encoded in the N-terminal region of the protein precursor, Nucleobindin2(NUCB2). Recombinant human Nesfatin-1 is a 9.7 kDa protein containing 82 amino acid residues. Originally identified as a hypothalamic neuropeptide, Nesfatin-1 is also expressed in other areas of the brain, and in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, gastric endocrine cells and adipocytes. Nesfatin-1 plays a role in hunger and energy regulation in an independent manner.

Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1(PON1) also known as aromatic esterase 1 or serum aryldialkylphosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PON1 gene. The PON gene was mapped to chromosome 7q21-q22, and the mouse Pon1 gene was mapped to the proximal end of chromosome 6. PON1 is responsible for hydrolysing organophosphate pesticides and nerve gasses. Polymorphisms in the PON1 gene significantly affect the catalytic ability of the enzyme. PON1(paraoxonase 1) is also a major anti-atherosclerotic component of high-density lipoprotein(HDL).

Interleukin 15 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 15 receptor which is encoded by the gene IL15RA in humans. The human IL15RA gene was mapped to chromosome 10p15-p14 by FISH and the mouse Il15ra gene was mapped to chromosome 2. The cytoplasmic domain of IL15R-alpha, like that of IL2R-alpha, was dispensable for mitogenic signaling, suggesting that the primary role of the alpha chains is to confer high-affinity binding. At high concentrations, IL15, like IL2, was able to signal through a complex of IL2R-beta and -gamma in the absence of the alpha subunit. The soluble receptor displayed high affinity for IL15 and inhibited both binding of IL15 to the membrane receptor and IL15-induced cell proliferation.