ELISA

CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) receptor family. Its alternative names are tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9(TNFRSF9), 4-1BB and induced by lymphocyte activation(ILA). CD137 gene was localized to chromosome 1p36.Members of this receptor family and their structurally related ligands are important regulators of a wide variety of physiological processes and play an especially important role in the regulation of immune responses. CD137 can be expressed by activated T cells, but to a larger extent on CD8 than on CD4 T cells. The best characterized activity of CD137 is its costimulatory activity for activated T cells. Crosslinking of CD137 enhances T cell proliferation, IL-2 secretion survival and cytolytic activity. Further, it can enhance immune activity to eliminate tumors in mice.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B, also known as TNFRSF13B or more commonly as TACI, is a transmembrane receptor protein found predominantly on the surface of B cells, which are an important part of the immune system. TACI controls T cell-independent B cell antibody responses, isotype switching, and B cell homeostasis. TACI is a lymphocyte-specific member of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) receptor superfamily. It was originally discovered because of its ability to interact with calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand(CAML). TACI was later found to play a crucial role in humoral immunity by interacting with two members of the TNF family: BAFF and APRIL. These proteins signal through TACI inducing activation of several transcription factors including NFAT, AP-1, and NF-kappa-B which then modulate cellular activities. Defects in the function of TACI can lead to immune system diseases.

CD163(Cluster of Differentiation 163) is a human protein encoded by the CD163 gene. It has also been shown to mark cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. CD163, a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich(SRCR) superfamily, is exclusively expressed by monocytes and macrophages. Using FISH, somatic cell hybrid analysis, and radiation hybrid analysis, CD163 gene was mapped the to chromosome 12p13.3. CD163 is upregulated in a large range of diseases inflammatory diseases including type 2 diabetes, macrophage activation sickness, Tangier's disease, rheumatoid arthritis etc.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, also known as PCSK9, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCSK9 gene. This gene encodes a proprotein convertase belonging to the proteinase K subfamily of the secretory subtilase family. By genomic sequence analysis, the PCSK9 gene was mapped to chromosome 1p32. This protein plays a major regulatory role in cholesterol homeostasis. PCSK9 binds to the epidermal growth factor-like repeat A(EGF-A) domain of the low-density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR), inducing LDLR degradation. Reduced LDLR levels result in decreased metabolism of low-density lipoproteins(LDL), which could lead to hypercholesterolemia. PCSK9 may also have a role in the differentiation of cortical neurons.

S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), also known as calgranulin A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A8 gene. It is mapped to chromosome 1q21.3 based on an alignment of the S100A8 sequence with the genomic sequence. The proteins S100A8 and S100A9 form a heterodimer called calprotectin which is a major calcium- and zinc-binding protein in the cytosol of neutrophils, monocytes, and keratinocytes. This gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. And S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. Altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis.

Protein S100A9 also known as migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14 (MRP-14) or calgranulin-B is a protein that is encoded by the S100A9 gene. S100A9 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF hand calcium-binding motifs. It is mapped to Chromosome 3 in mouse. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. This protein may function in the inhibition of casein kinase. S100A9 complexes with S100A8, another member of the S100 family of calcium-modulated proteins regulates myeloid cell function by binding to Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products.

Kininogen-1 (KNG1), also known as alpha-2-thiol proteinase inhibitor, Williams-Fitzgerald-Flaujeac factor or the HMWK-kallikrein factor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KNG1 gene. It is mapped to 3q27.3. The KNG1 gene uses alternative splicing to generate two different proteins – high – molecular - weight kininogen (HMWK) and low - molecular- weight kininogen (LMWK). HMWK is essential for blood coagulation and assembly of the kallikrein-kinin system. Also, bradykinin, a peptide causing numerous physiological effects, is released from HMWK. In contrast to HMWK, LMWK is not involved in blood coagulation. In addition to that, KNG1 is a constituent of the blood coagulation system as well as the kinin-kallikrein system.

Cadherin-2(CDH2), also known as neural cadherin(NCAD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH2 gene. It is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily. This gene is mapped to 18q12.1. Cadherin-2 is expressed in the brain, skeletal and cardiac muscle. Cadherin-2 is commonly found in cancer cells and provides a mechanism for transendothelial migration. It is a calcium dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein comprising five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. The protein functions during gastrulation and is required for establishment of left-right asymmetry. At certain central nervous system synapses, presynaptic to postsynaptic adhesion is mediated at least in part by this gene product.

Cadherin-2(CDH2), also known as neural cadherin(NCAD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH2 gene. It is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily. This gene is mapped to 18q12.1. Cadherin-2 is expressed in the brain, skeletal and cardiac muscle. Cadherin-2 is commonly found in cancer cells and provides a mechanism for transendothelial migration. It is a calcium dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein comprising five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. The protein functions during gastrulation and is required for establishment of left-right asymmetry. At certain central nervous system synapses, presynaptic to postsynaptic adhesion is mediated at least in part by this gene product.