ELISA

FGF19, Fibroblast growth factor 19, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF19 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor(FGF) family. The FGF19 gene is mapped to 11q13.3. The deduced 216-amino acid FGF19 protein contains a signal sequence and 2 cysteine residues that are conserved in the FGF family. Expression of this gene was detected only in fetal but not adult brain tissue. Synergistic interaction of the chick homolog and Wnt-8c has been shown to be required for initiation of inner ear development. FGF19 stimulates hepatic protein and glycogen synthesis but does not induce lipogenesis. The effects of FGF19 are independent of the activity of either insulin or the protein kinase Akt and, instead, are mediated through a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway that activates components of the protein translation machinery and stimulates glycogen synthase activity.

Azurocidin, also known as cationic antimicrobial protein CAP37 or heparin-binding protein (HBP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AZU1 gene. This encoded protein is a member of the serine protease gene family, but it is not a serine proteinase, because the active site serine and histidine residues are replaced. Azurocidin is mapped to 19p13.3. The protein encoded by this gene is an azurophil granule antibiotic protein, with antibacterial activity. It is also an important multifunctional inflammatory mediator. In addition to it, Azurocidin is also a specific chemoattractant for monocytes. It lacks the chemotactic activity for neutrophils and lymphocytes, and this gene is probably responsible for the wave of monocytes that follows the initial wave of PMNs typical of the inflammatory response.

Granzyme A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GZMA gene. Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells share the remarkable ability to recognize, bind, and lyse specific target cells. They are thought to protect their host by lysing cells bearing on their surface "nonself" antigens, usually peptides or proteins resulting from infection by intracellular pathogens. The protein described here is a T cell- and natural killer cell-specific serine protease that may function as a common component necessary for lysis of target cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. GZMA induces caspase-independent apoptosis in a characteristic manner, except it causes a distinctive form of DNA damage: single-stranded DNA nicking. A target of GZMA is the SET complex, including HMGB2 and ANP32A.

Kallikrein-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK11 gene. Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having diverse physiological functions. Growing evidence suggests that many kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and some have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers. This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Alternate splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms which are differentially expressed.

Kallikrein-12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK12 gene. It belongs to the kallikrein subgroup of serine proteases, which have diverse physiologic functions in many tissues. KLK12 is expressed primarily in salivary gland, stomach, uterus, trachea, prostate, thymus, lung, colon, brain, breast, and thyroid gland and at lower levels in testis, pancreas, small intestine, and spinal cord. The expression of KLK12 is downregulated at the mRNA level in breast cancer tissues and is upregulated by steroid hormones in breast and prostate cancer cell lines.

Kallikrein-13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK13 gene. It belongs to the kallikrein subgroup of serine proteases, which have diverse physiologic functions in many tissues. By genomic sequence analysis, KLK13 gene is mapped in a 300-kb region on chromosome 19q13.3-q13.4. It has been shown that recombinant hK13 produced in yeast can cleave synthetic peptides after the arginine residue and some extracellular matrix components. However, its exact physiological substrates and functions remain obscure. Despite the lack of knowledge on the physiological function of hK13, several studies have demonstrated that hK13 is implicated with cancer of the breast and ovary and it can serve as a favorable prognostic biomarker for these malignancies.

S100 calcium-binding protein A12 (S100A12) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A12 gene. It is also known as calgranulin C. By direct R-banding FISH, the S100A12 gene is mapped to chromosome 1q21.2-q22. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. And this protein is proposed to be involved in specific calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways and its regulatory effect on cytoskeletal components may modulate various neutrophil activities.

Tenascin C (TN-C) is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the TNC gene. It is expressed in the extracellular matrix of various tissues during development, disease or injury, and in restricted neurogenic areas of the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is the founding member of the gene family (Tenascin). In the embryo it is made by migrating cells like the neural crest; it is also abundant in developing tendons, bone and cartilage. TN-C clearly plays a role in cell signaling as evidenced by its ability to be induced during events such as trauma, inflammation, or cancer development. Also, TN-C is important in regulating cell proliferation and migration, especially during developmental differentiation and wound healing.

Surfactant, pulmonary-associated protein D, also known as SFTPD or SP-D, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SFTPD gene. By fluorescence in situ hybridization, the SP-D gene was localized in 10q22.2-q23.1. On the basis of homology with other collectins, potential functions for SP-D include roles in innate immunity and surfactant metabolism, SP-D is produced in the bronchiolar and terminal epithelium of human fetal lung from about 21 weeks of gestation. What’s more, SP-A and SP-D act as dual-function surveillance molecules that reverse orientation and function and become initiators of host-defense reactions.