ELISA

TGFbeta1 is secreted as a latent form, which consists of its mature form and a latency-associated peptide(beta1-LAP) in either the presence or the absence of additional latent TGF-beta1-binding protein. Processing and cleavage of the precursor protein between amino acids 278 and 279 results in the formation of LAP dimers and TGF beta dimers that then non-covalently associate with each other to form the small latent TGF beta complex. LAP is secreted and can be found in the extracellular matrix. In addition, LAP can also be expressed on platelets and activated regulatory T cells.

Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha(MIP-1 alpha), also called CCL3, LD78. The cDNA for MIP-1 alpha predicts a mature peptide of 69 amino acids with a molecular mass of 7,889 daltons. LD78 is a member of a newly identified superfamily of small inducible proteins involved in inflammatory responses, wound healing and tumorigenesis. MIP-1 alpha is a chemokine that has pro-inflammatory and stem cell inhibitory activities in vitro. It constitutes an important second signal for mast cell degranulation in the conjunctiva in vivo and consequently for acute-phase disease.

CD5, also known as T1 or LEU1, is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset of IgM-secreting B cells called B-1 cells, and also on T cells. It is mapped to 11q12.2. Although CD5 can be found on both T cells and B cells, T cells express higher levels of CD5 than B cells. CD5 was used as a T-cell marker until monoclonal antibodies against CD3 were developed. CD5 is upregulated on T cells upon strong activation. In the thymus, there is a correlation with CD5 expression and strength of the interaction of the T cell towards self-peptides. Nevertheless, CD5 serves to mitigate activating signals from the BCR so that the B-1 cells can only be activated by very strong stimuli(such as bacterial proteins) and not by normal tissue proteins.

CD6(Cluster of Differentiation 6) is a human protein encoded by the CD6 gene. It is mapped to 11q12.2. CD6 is expressed predominantly in peripheral T cells and mature medullary thymocytes. This gene encodes a protein found on the outer membrane of T-lymphocytes as well as some other immune cells. The encoded protein contains three scavenger receptor cysteine-rich(SRCR) domains and a binding site for an activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule. The gene product is important for continuation of T cell activation. What's more, this gene may be associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.

Alanine aminopeptidase, also known as ANPEP or CD13. is an enzyme that is used as a biomarker to detect damage to the kidneys, and that may be used to help diagnose certain kidney disorders. It is mapped to 15q26.1. Aminopeptidase N is located in the small-intestinal and renal microvillar membrane, and also in other plasma membranes. In the small intestine, Aminopeptidase N plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases, and it is also thought to be involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides by diverse cell types, including small intestinal and renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes, and synaptic membranes from the CNS. Petrovic et al showed that CD13 was required for endothelial cell invasion in response to bradykinin. Inhibition of CD13 abrogated internalization of bradykinin receptor B2 and reduced endothelial cell motility.

Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, NCAM, also known as the cluster of differentiation CD56, is a hemophilic binding glycoprotein. It is a glycoprotein of Immunoglobulin(Ig) super family. At least 27 alternatively spliced NCAM mRNAs are produced, giving a wide diversity of NCAM isoforms NCAM gene is located at 11q22-q23.This glycoprotein is mainly expressed on the surface of neurons, glia, skeletal muscle and natural killer cells. NCAM has been implicated as having a role in cell–cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory.

Chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 23(CCL23), also known as MIP-3 and MPIF-1, is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is mapped to 17q12. CCL23 is predominantly expressed in lung and liver tissue, but is also found in placenta, bone marrow and some cell lines of myeloid origin. MPIF1 has chemotactic activity on resting T lymphocytes and monocytes, lower activity on neutrophils. It has also been attributed to an inhibitory activity on hematopoietic progenitor cells that give rise to granulocyte and monocyte lineages. Moreover, CCL23 is a ligand for the chemokine receptor CCR1.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9(CCL9), also called MIP-1 gamma and MRP-2, is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. CCL9 which found around Peyer's patches is secreted by follicle-associated epithelium(FAE), and it can attract dendritic cells that possess the cell surface molecule CD11b and the chemokine receptor CCR1. CCL9 is constitutively expressed in macrophages and myeloid cells. CCL9 can activate osteoclasts through its receptor CCR1(the most abundant chemokine receptor found on osteoclasts) suggesting an important role for CCL9 in bone resorption.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14(TNFRSF14), also known as HVEM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF14 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. It is mapped to 1p36.32. HVEM plays an important role in HSV pathogenesis because it enhanced the entry of several wildtype HSV strains of both serotypes into CHO cells, and mediated HSV entry into activated human T cells. HVEM and BTLA which are form a bidirectional signaling pathway can regulate cell survival and inhibitory responses between interacting cells. HVEM as an important orchestrator of mucosal immunity integrates signals from innate lymphocytes to induce optimal epithelial Stat3 activation, which indicated that targeting HVEM with agonists could improve host defense.