ELISA

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14(TNFRSF14), also known as HVEM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF14 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. It is mapped to 1p36.32. HVEM plays an important role in HSV pathogenesis because it enhanced the entry of several wildtype HSV strains of both serotypes into CHO cells, and mediated HSV entry into activated human T cells. HVEM and BTLA which are form a bidirectional signaling pathway can regulate cell survival and inhibitory responses between interacting cells. HVEM as an important orchestrator of mucosal immunity integrates signals from innate lymphocytes to induce optimal epithelial Stat3 activation, which indicated that targeting HVEM with agonists could improve host defense.

Junctional adhesion molecule A(JAM-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the F11R gene. It is mapped to 1q23.3. This gene is an immunoglobulin-like molecule that colocalizes with tight junctions in endothelium and epithelium and is also found on blood leukocytes and platelets. JAM-A plays an important role in the regulation of tight junction assembly in epithelia. In addition, it can act as a receptor for reovirus, a ligand for the integrin LFA1, involved in leukocyte transmigration, and a platelet receptor. JAM-A has a nonredundant role in controlling DC motility, trafficking to lymph nodes, and activation of specific immunity.

Relaxin 1 is a member of relaxin-like peptide family. Relaxin gene maps to human chromosome 19 near D19Mit23. Relaxin is a peptide hormone produced by the corpora lutea of ovaries during pregnancy in many mammalian species, including man. Relaxin widens the pubic bone and facilitates labor, it also softens the cervix (cervical ripening), and relaxes the uterine musculature. However, its significance may reach much further. Relaxin affects collagen metabolism, inhibiting collagen synthesis and enhancing its breakdown by increasing matrix metalloproteinases. It also enhances angiogenesis and is a potent renal vasodilator.

Relaxin 1 is a member of relaxin-like peptide family. Relaxin gene maps to mouse chromosome 19 near D19Mit23. Relaxin is a peptide hormone produced by the corpora lutea of ovaries during pregnancy in many mammalian species, including man. Relaxin widens the pubic bone and facilitates labor, it also softens the cervix(cervical ripening), and relaxes the uterine musculature. However, its significance may reach much further. Relaxin affects collagen metabolism, inhibiting collagen synthesis and enhancing its breakdown by increasing matrix metalloproteinases. It also enhances angiogenesis and is a potent renal vasodilator.

TFF1(Trefoil factor 1), also known as pS2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFF1 gene. Members of the trefoil family are characterized by having at least one copy of the trefoil motif, a 40-amino acid domain that contains three conserved disulfides. They are stable secretory proteins expressed in gastrointestinal mucosa. Their functions are not defined, but they may protect the mucosa from insults, stabilize the mucus layer, and affect healing of the epithelium. It is found that TFF1 in normal human urine inhibited the growth of calcium oxalate crystals. Urinary TFF1 showed an inhibitory potency similar to that of nephrocalcin, and inhibition was dose dependent and inhibited by TFF1 antisera, particularly by antisera directed to the TFF1 C terminus. Concentrations and relative amounts of TFF1 in the urine of patients with idiopathic calcium oxalate kidney stones were significantly less than those found in controls. This gene, which is expressed in the gastric mucosa, has a

Trefoil factor 2, also known as SP or SML1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFF2 gene. This gene belongs to trefoil family, and members of the trefoil family may protect the mucosa from insults, stabilize the mucus layer, and affect healing of the epithelium. This gene is mapped to 21q22.3. TFF2 gene consists of 4 exons spanning 5.1 kb, with exons 2 and 3 encoding 1 trefoil domain each, and it is the only gene encoding 2 TFF-domains on separate exons. It has been found that the distribution of TFF2 and pS2 suggests involvement in repair-enhancing mechanisms.

Trefoil factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFF3 gene. It is mapped to 21q22.3. Members of the trefoil family can interact with mucins and have an influence on mucus viscosity. They also promote migration of epithelial cells, are linked to antiapoptosis, induce cell scattering, trigger chemotaxis, and participate in immune responses. This gene is a marker of columnar epithelium and is expressed in a variety of tissues including goblet cells of the intestines and colon. It has been found that TFF3 is the most highly upregulated gene in 19 poorly differentiated endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (G3-EECs) compared with normal endometrium biopsies.

Midkine(MK or MDK) also known as neurite growth-promoting factor 2(NEGF2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MDK gene. Midkine is a basic heparin-binding growth factor of low molecular weight, and forms a family with pleiotrophin(NEGF1, 46% homologous with MK). It is a nonglycosylated protein, composed of two domains held by disulfide bridges. It is a developmentally important retinoic acid-responsive gene product strongly induced during mid-gestation, hence the name midkine. Restricted mainly to certain tissues in the normal adult, it is strongly induced during oncogenesis, inflammation and tissue repair. MK is pleiotropic, capable of exerting activities such as cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis and fibrinolysis. A molecular complex containing receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase zeta(PTPζ), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein(LRP1), anaplastic leukemia kinase(ALK) and syndecans is considered to be its receptor.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to the two sex hormones: androgen and estrogen. The gene for SHBG is located on chromosome 17 on the short arm between the bands 17p12→p13. And this gene encodes a steroid binding protein that was first described as a plasma protein secreted by the liver but is now thought to participate in the regulation of steroid responses. The encoded protein transports androgens and estrogens in the blood, binding each steroid molecule as a dimer formed from identical or nearly identical monomers. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.