ELISA

Granulysin is a substance released by cytotoxic T cells(CD8) when they are attached to infected body cells. The product of this gene is a member of the saposin-like protein(SAPLIP) family. It is mapped to 2p11.2. Granulysin functions to create holes in the target cell membrane and destroy it. It is able to induce apoptosis in target cells and also has antimicrobial action. This gene is expressed in cytolytic granules with perforin, a pore forming protein, and granzymes that are also involved in cytolysis. In addition to it, Granulysin is broadly antimicrobial, killing microbes that cause, for example, tuberculosis and malaria, and can destroy some tumors. A series of peptides generated from the amino acid sequence of Granulysin are potential antibiotics. It has been found that secretory Granulysin is a key molecule responsible for the disseminated keratinocyte death in SJS/TEN.

Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kB (RANK), also known as TRANCE Receptor, is a type I membrane protein that is expressed on the surface of osteoclasts and is involved in their activation upon ligand binding. RANK is a recently described TNF receptor family member, and its ligand, RANKL, promote survival of dendritic cells and differentiation of osteoclasts. RANK contains 383 amino acids in its intracellular domain(residues 234-616), which contain three putative TRAF-binding domains(termed I, II, and III). RANK interacts with various TRAFs through distinct motifs and activates NF-kappaB via a novel TRAF6 interaction motif, which then activates NIK, thus leading to NF-kappaB activation, whereas RANK most likely activates JNK through a TRAF2-interacting region in RANK. The standard in this kit is recombinant human RANK with the sequence of Q29-G213 aa. It is a dipolymer which compose of two chains, and the molecular weight of each is 48kda.

Interleukin-18-binding protein, also known as IL18BPa, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL18BP gene. It is mapped to 11q13.4. The protein encoded by this gene is an inhibitor of the proinflammatory cytokine IL18. This protein binds to IL18, prevents the binding of IL18 to its receptor, and thus inhibits IL18-induced IFN-gamma production. This protein is constitutively expressed and secreted in mononuclear cells. The expression of this protein can be enhanced by IFN-gamma. It has been found that IL18BP expression in intestinal tissue is increased in endothelial cells as well as cells of the submucosa and overlying lymphoid aggregates in Crohn disease.

Atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme, also called CRN or ATC2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CORIN gene. It is mapped to 4p12. This gene encodes a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease class of the trypsin superfamily. Members of this family are composed of multiple structurally distinct domains. It has been found that Corin is the pro-ANP-converting enzyme and that Corin-mediated pro-ANP activation may play a role in regulating blood pressure. What’s more, Corin and ANP are essential for physiologic changes at the maternal-fetal interface. This protein may also function as a pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide convertase. Corin gene mutations which cause Corin to impair activity might be an underlying mechanism in hypertension.

Cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 is a cysteine-rich secretory protein that in humans is encoded by the CRISP3 gene. CRISP3 expression is found in the secretory epithelium throughout the male genital tract, with particularly high expression in the cauda epididymis and ampulla vas deferens. It is a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. CRISP3 gene can be defined as an early-transcribed gene with a putative role in the pathophysiology of sjogren's syndrome. CRISP3 is present in exocrine secretions and in secretory granules of neutrophilic granulocytes and is believed to play a role in innate immunity.

Chemokine(C-X-C motif) ligand 14(CXCL14) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as BRAK(for breast and kidney-expressed chemokine). This gene is mapped to 5q31.1. CXCL14 is constitutively expressed at high levels in many normal tissues, it has been found that fibroblasts are the primary source of CXCL14 and that CXCL14 is involved in the homeostasis of monocyte-derived macrophages rather than in inflammation. It is also a potent chemoattractant and activator of dendritic cells, is implicated in homing of these cells, and can stimulate the migration of activated NK cells. CXCL14 also inhibits angiogenesis, possibly as a result of its ability to block endothelial cell chemotaxis. In addition to it, CXCL14 is a potent chemokine for immature DCs, with a chemoattractive activity comparable to bacterial fMLP and MIP1A.

Galectin-7, also known as GAL7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS7 gene. This gene is mapped to 19q13.2. Galectins belong to a family of related beta-galactoside-binding lectins, also referred to as S-type or S-Lac lectins. Members of this family have been implicated in a variety of functions, including growth regulation, cell adhesion, migration, neoplastic transformation, and immune responses. Differential and in situ hybridizations indicate that this lectin is specifically expressed in keratinocytes. It has been found that expression of Galectin-7 was markedly upregulated in corneal epithelium after injury and that exogenous galectin-7 stimulated reepithelialization of corneal wounds.

CD6(Cluster of Differentiation 6) is a human protein encoded by the CD6 gene. It is mapped to 11q12.2. CD6 is expressed predominantly in peripheral T cells and mature medullary thymocytes. This gene encodes a protein found on the outer membrane of T-lymphocytes as well as some other immune cells. The encoded protein contains three scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains and a binding site for an activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule. The gene product is important for continuation of T cell activation. What’s more, this gene may be associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.

Cytokine receptor-like factor 2, also known as TSLPR or CRL2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRLF2 gene. It is mapped to Xp22.33. The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for thymic stromal lymphopoietin(TSLP). Together with the interleukin 7 receptor(IL7R), the encoded protein and TSLP activate STAT3, STAT5, and JAK2 pathways, which control processes such as cell proliferation and development of the hematopoietic system. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. In addition to it, it has been found that rearrangement of CRLF2 and JAK mutation together contribute to leukemogenesis in B-progenitor ALL.