ELISA

CD93 (Cluster of Differentiation 93) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD93 gene. CD93 belongs to the Group XIV C-Type lectin family and is mapped to 20p11.21. The protein encoded by this gene is a cell-surface glycoprotein and type I membrane protein that was originally identified as a myeloid cell-specific marker. The encoded protein was once thought to be a receptor for C1q, but now is thought to instead be involved in intercellular adhesion and in the clearance of apoptotic cells. The intracellular cytoplasmic tail of this protein has been found to interact with moesin, a protein known to play a role in linking transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and in the remodelling of the cytoskeleton. It has also showed that this receptor is a positive marker for all bone marrow-repopulating stem cells because it is expressed on both CD34-negative and CD34-positive stem cells from umbilical cord blood and adult bone marrow. In addition, highly purified lineage-negative cells

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLAMF1 gene. It belongs to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. This gene is mapped to 1q23.3. It has found that SLAM is constitutively expressed on peripheral blood memory T cells, T-cell clones, immature thymocytes and a proportion of B cells, and is rapidly induced on naive T cells after activation. In MV-resistant cell lines, infection with clinical MV and expression of SLAM, but not CD46, caused cytopathic effects (CPE). The expression of SLAM on activated B and T lymphocytes correlates with the pathology of MV infection in humans and monkeys, in which lymphoid organs are the chief sites of MV replication and the binding of MV to SLAM may impair the signaling functions of SLAM in lymphocyte activation and inhibit Th0/Th1 cytokine production, thereby promoting Th2 cytokine production. It has reported that antibody-mediated ligation of SLAM on thymocytes triggered a protein tyrosine phosphorylati

Dickkopf-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DKK3 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is mapped to 11p15.3. The secreted protein contains two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. The expression of this gene is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may function as a tumor suppressor gene. Members of the Dkk-related family display unique patterns of mRNA expression in human and mouse tissues, and are secreted when expressed in 293T cells. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease.

The gene IL-3 encodes interleukin 3, a hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor(CSF) that is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. Interleukin-3(IL-3), a protein of 140 amino acids, is chemically synthesized by means of an automated peptide synthesizer and is shown to have the biological activities attributed to native IL-3. The cDNA sequence for murine interleukin-3, one of the colony stimulating factors that regulate haematopoiesis, codes for a polypeptide of 166 amino acids including a putative signal peptide. The mouse IL 3 gene is located on chromosome 11. The human gene encoding IL 3 is tandemly arrayed on the long arm of chromosome 5.5 The standard product used in this kit is recombinant human IL-3, consisting of 133 amino acids with the molecular mass of 15KDa.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor, also called IGF2R or I-MPR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF2R gene. This gene is mapped to 6q25.3. This gene encodes a receptor for both insulin-like growth factor 2 and mannose 6-phosphate, although the binding sites for either are located on different segments of the receptor. This receptor functions in the intracellular trafficking of lysosomal enzymes, the activation of transforming growth factor beta, and the degradation of insulin-like growth factor 2. While the related mouse gene shows exclusive expression from the maternal allele, imprinting of the human gene appears to be polymorphic, with only a minority of individuals showing expression from the maternal allele.

Adiponectin(ADPN) is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that regulates energy homeostasis and glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin is a new member of the family of soluble defense collagens, in hematopoiesis and immune responses. It is an important negative regulator in hematopoiesis and immune systems and raise the possibility that it may be involved in ending inflammatory responses through its inhibitory functions. Adiponectin is mapped to 3q27 and can protect the organism from systemic inflammation by promoting the clearance of early apoptotic cells by macrophages through a receptor-dependent pathway involving calreticulin.

Chemerin, also known as RARRES2 or TIG2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RARRES2 gene. It is mapped to 7q36.1. Chemerin is a potent chemoattractant specific for antigen-presenting cells that requires proteolytic activation and acts as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor CMKLR1(also known as ChemR23). It is a 14 kDa protein secreted in an inactive form as prochemerin and is activated through cleavage of the C-terminus by inflammatory and coagulation serine proteases. Chemerin was found to stimulate chemotaxis of dendritic cells and macrophages to the site of inflammation. What’s more, the active protein has several roles, including that as an adipokine, and is truncated on both termini from the proprotein.

Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB is a protein that is encoded by the GPNMB gene. In osteoblast progenitor cells, GPNMB works as a positive regulator of osteoblast differentiation during later stages of matrix maturation and mineralization that is mediated at least in part by BMP-2 in a SMAD1 dependent manner to promote osteoblast differentiation. GPNMB can enhance the repairing process in bone fracture, demonstrated by its high expression during chondrogenesis(soft callus) and osteogenesis(hard callus) compared to the intact femurs that is why Osteoactivin(OA) could be a novel therapeutic agent used to treat generalized osteoporosis or localized osteopenia during fracture repair by stimulating bone growth and regeneration. Similarly, GPNMB expression increases during osteoclast differentiation and it is functionally implicated in this process, possibly by promoting the fusion of osteoclast progenitor cells.