ELISA

Tissue factor, also called platelet tissue factor, factor III, thrombokinase, or CD142 is a protein present in sub endothelial tissue and leukocytes necessary for the initiation of thrombin formation from the zymogene prothrombin. Tissue factor gene was mapped to 1pter-p21 by study of somatic cell hybrids with a species-specific sensitive chromogenic assay. This gene encodes coagulation factor III which is a cell surface glycoprotein. This factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII.

Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), also known as lipid transfer protein II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLTP gene. This gene is mapped to 20q13.12. The protein encoded by this gene is one of at least two lipid transfer proteins found in human plasma. The encoded protein transfers phospholipids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to high density lipoprotein (HDL). In addition to regulating the size of HDL particles, this protein may be involved in cholesterol metabolism. At least two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Hemojuvelin (HJV/RGMc/HFE2) is a membrane-bound and soluble protein in mammals. It is a member of a three gene family (in vertebrates) called the repulsive guidance molecules. In mouse, the Hemojuvelin protein is encoded by the HFE2 gene, and it is mapped to Chromosome 3. It was concluded that downregulation of hepatic Hemojuvelin during inflammation may induce a temporary elimination of iron sensing. Hemojuvelin is a coreceptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and inhibition of endogenous BMP signaling reduces hepcidin expression and increases serum iron in mice. Furthermore, Hemojuvelin may play inhibitory roles in prostate cancer by suppressing cell growth, adhesion, migration and invasion.

ADAMTS4, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAMTS4 gene. ADAMTS4 is a member of the large ADAMTS family of zinc-dependent proteases. The human ADAMTS4 gene is mapped to chromosome 1 by somatic cell hybrid analysis. The enzyme encoded by this gene lacks a C-terminal TS motif. It is responsible for the degradation of aggrecan, a major proteoglycan of cartilage, and brevican, a brain-specific extracellular matrix protein. The cleavage of aggrecan and brevican suggests key roles of this enzyme in arthritic disease and in the central nervous system, potentially, in the progression of glioma.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is mapped to 14p2 in rat. CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates its effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor. It has been shown that CXCL3 regulates cell autonomously the migration of the precursors of cerebellar granule neurons toward the internal layers of cerebellum, during the morphogenesis of cerebellum. CXCL3 also play fundamental roles in the development, homeostasis and it has effects on cells of the central nervous system as well as on endothelial cells involved in angiogenesis or angiostasis.

Endostatin is a naturally-occurring 20-kDa C-terminal fragment derived from type XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti-angiogenic agent, similar to angiostatin and thrombospondin. And It is produced by proteolytic cleavage of collagen XVIII, a member of the multiplexin family that is characterized by interruptions in the triple helix creating multiple domains, by proteases such as cathepsins. Using a genomic clone as a probe for fluorescence in situ hybridization, Endostatin was mapped the COL18A1 gene to 21q22.3. By immunoprecipitation analysis using membrane fractions of human mammary epithelial cells, It showed that endostatin specifically bound to cell surface nucleolin with high affinity. Blockage of nucleolin with neutralizing antibody or knockdown of nucleolin by RNA interference countered the antiendothelial activity of endostatin and abrogated its antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in vivo.

Neuregulin 1 or NRG1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRG1 gene. It is mapped to 8p12. NRG1 is one of four proteins in the neuregulin family that act on the EGFR family of receptors. The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane glycoprotein that mediates cell-cell signaling and plays a critical role in the growth and development of multiple organ systems. Dysregulation of this gene has been linked to diseases such as cancer, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (BPD). It is also essential for the normal development of the nervous system and the heart. Furthermore, it was originally identified as a 44-kD glycoprotein that interacts with the NEU/ERBB2 receptor tyrosine kinase to increase its phosphorylation on tyrosine residues.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF21 gene. By genomic sequence analysis, Nishimura et al. (2000) identified the FGF21 gene within the 5-prime flanking region of the FUT1 gene on chromosome 19. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities and are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF21 stimulates glucose uptake in adipocytes but not in other cell types. This effect is additive to the activity of insulin. FGF21 treatment of adipocytes is associated with phosphorylation of FRS2, a protein linking FGF receptors to the Ras/MAP kinase pathway. FGF21 injection in ob/ob mice results in an increase in Glut1 in adipose tissue. FGF21 also protects animals from diet-induced obesity when overexpressed in transgenic mice and low