Cytokines & Chemokines

Mouse LIX (C-X-C motif chemokine 5) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is cleaved into the following 2 chains [GCP-2(1-78) and GCP-2(9-78)]. Mouse LIX plays a role in reducing sensitivity to sunburn pain in some subjects, and is a potential target which could be used to understand more about pain in other inflammatory conditions. It is most closely related to two highly homologous human neutrophil chemoattractants GCP-2 and ENA-78. The first 78 amino acid residues within the predicted mature mouse LIX shares approximately 61% and 55% amino acid identity with human GCP-2 and ENA-78. This chemokine stimulates the chemotaxis of neutrophils possessing angiogenic properties. It elicits these effects by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR2.

Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 (MIP-3α), also known as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) or liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC), is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. MIP-3α is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and can signal through the CCR6 receptor. It is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and weakly attracts neutrophils. MIP-3α is implicated in the formation and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues via chemoattraction of lymphocytes and dendritic cells toward the epithelial cells surrounding these tissues. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors.

Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 (MIP-3α), also known as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) or liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC), is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. MIP-3α is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and can signal through the CCR6 receptor. It is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and weakly attracts neutrophils. MIP-3α is implicated in the formation and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues via chemoattraction of lymphocytes and dendritic cells toward the epithelial cells surrounding these tissues. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors.

Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 (MIP-3α), also known as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) or liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC), is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. MIP-3α is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and can signal through the CCR6 receptor. It is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and weakly attracts neutrophils. MIP-3α is implicated in the formation and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues via chemoattraction of lymphocytes and dendritic cells toward the epithelial cells surrounding these tissues. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, GCP-1 and NAP-1, is one of the first discovered chemokines and belongs to the CXCL family, in which the first two conserved cysteines are separated by one residue. In vivo, IL-8 exists in two forms: a 77 a.a. protein produced by endothelial cells, and the more active 72 a.a. protein produced by monocytes. The receptors for IL-8 are the seven-helical G-protein coupled receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, exclusively expressed on neutrophils. The functions of IL-8 are to induce rapid changes in cell morphology, activate integrins, and release the granule contents of neutrophils. Thus, IL-8 can enhance the antimicrobial actions of defense cells. It is secreted by monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. IL-8 signals through CXCR1 and CXCR2 to chemoattract neutrophils, basophils, and T cells. IL-8 is also a potent promoter of angiogenesis. Other functions of this protein, such as involvement in bronchiolitis pathogenesis, have also been reported.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, GCP-1 and NAP-1, is one of the first discovered chemokines and belongs to the CXCL family, in which the first two conserved cysteines are separated by one residue. In vivo, IL-8 exists in two forms: a 77 a.a. protein produced by endothelial cells, and the more active 72 a.a. protein produced by monocytes. The receptors for IL-8 are the seven-helical G-protein coupled receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, exclusively expressed on neutrophils. The functions of IL-8 are to induce rapid changes in cell morphology, activate integrins, and release the granule contents of neutrophils. Thus, IL-8 can enhance the antimicrobial actions of defense cells. It is secreted by monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. IL-8 signals through CXCR1 and CXCR2 to chemoattract neutrophils, basophils, and T cells. IL-8 is also a potent promoter of angiogenesis. Other functions of this protein, such as involvement in bronchiolitis pathogenesis, have also been reported.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, GCP-1 and NAP-1, is one of the first discovered chemokines and belongs to the CXCL family, in which the first two conserved cysteines are separated by one residue. In vivo, IL-8 exists in two forms: a 77 a.a. protein produced by endothelial cells, and the more active 72 a.a. protein produced by monocytes. The receptors for IL-8 are the seven-helical G-protein coupled receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, exclusively expressed on neutrophils. The functions of IL-8 are to induce rapid changes in cell morphology, activate integrins, and release the granule contents of neutrophils. Thus, IL-8 can enhance the antimicrobial actions of defense cells. It is secreted by monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. IL-8 signals through CXCR1 and CXCR2 to chemoattract neutrophils, basophils, and T cells. IL-8 is also a potent promoter of angiogenesis. Other functions of this protein, such as involvement in bronchiolitis pathogenesis, have also been reported.

MIP-1 Alpha, also known as CCL3, G0S19-1 and SCYA3, LD78 alpha, is an inflammatory chemokine. MIP-1α belongs to the CCL chemokine family, and shares 68% homology with MIP-1β. The mature form of MIP-1α contains 69 amino acids, exists as dimers in solution, and tends to undergo reversible aggregation. It binds to CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5, and participates in the host response to invading pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, NK cells and dendritic cells. MIP-1 alpha polymorphisms are associated with HIV susceptibility or resistance. Recombinant MIP-1 alpha induces a dose-dependent inhibition of HIV and SIV infection. Upon stimulation by endogenous and exogenous agents such as Interleukin-1β, Interferon-γ, and lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria, monocytes are able to secrete significant amounts of MIP-1α. MIP-1α augments the adhesions of T lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils to vascular cell adhesion molec

MIP-1 Alpha, also known as CCL3, G0S19-1 and SCYA3, LD78 alpha, is an inflammatory chemokine. MIP-1α belongs to the CCL chemokine family, and shares 68% homology with MIP-1β. The mature form of MIP-1α contains 69 amino acids, exists as dimers in solution, and tends to undergo reversible aggregation. It binds to CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5, and participates in the host response to invading pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, NK cells and dendritic cells. MIP-1 alpha polymorphisms are associated with HIV susceptibility or resistance. Recombinant MIP-1 alpha induces a dose-dependent inhibition of HIV and SIV infection. Upon stimulation by endogenous and exogenous agents such as Interleukin-1β, Interferon-γ, and lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria, monocytes are able to secrete significant amounts of MIP-1α. MIP-1α augments the adhesions of T lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils to vascular cell adhesion molec