Cytokines & Chemokines

Proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), also known as DTR, DTS and HEGFL, is a member of the EGF family of mitogens. It is expressed in macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. HB-EGF signals through the EGF receptor to stimulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells and keratinocytes. Compared to EGF, HB-EGF binds to the EGF receptor with a higher affinity and has been shown to bemore mitogenic, likely due to its ability to bind to heparin and heparin sulfate proteoglycans. HB-EGF has also been reported to act as a diphtheria toxin receptor, mediating endocytosis of the bound toxin. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor has been shown to interact with NRD1, Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 and BAG1.

CCL2, also known as monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), was initially purified independently by two groups based on its ability to chemoattract monocytes. Subsequent to its cloning and sequencing, it became evident that this protein is also identical to the product of the human JE gene. The JE gene, originally identified in mouse fibroblasts, is a plateletderived growth factor (PDGF)inducible gene. The human CCL2 cDNA encodes a 99 amino acid residue precursor protein with a 23 residue hydrophobic signal peptide that is cleaved to generate the 76 residue mature protein. Natural CCL2 is heterogeneous in size due to the addition of Olinked carbohydrates and sialic acid residues. In addition to fibroblasts; tumor cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and mononuclear phagocytes can also produce CCL2 either constitutively or upon stimulation by various stimuli. CCL2 is a member of the β (CC) subfamily of chemokines. Recently, the existence of MCP2 and MCP3 with 62% a

CCL2, also known as monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), was initially purified independently by two groups based on its ability to chemoattract monocytes. Subsequent to its cloning and sequencing, it became evident that this protein is also identical to the product of the human JE gene. The JE gene, originally identified in mouse fibroblasts, is a plateletderived growth factor (PDGF)inducible gene. The human CCL2 cDNA encodes a 99 amino acid residue precursor protein with a 23 residue hydrophobic signal peptide that is cleaved to generate the 76 residue mature protein. Natural CCL2 is heterogeneous in size due to the addition of Olinked carbohydrates and sialic acid residues. In addition to fibroblasts; tumor cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and mononuclear phagocytes can also produce CCL2 either constitutively or upon stimulation by various stimuli. CCL2 is a member of the β (CC) subfamily of chemokines. Recently, the existence of MCP2 and MCP3 with 62% a

CCL2, also known as monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), was initially purified independently by two groups based on its ability to chemoattract monocytes. Subsequent to its cloning and sequencing, it became evident that this protein is also identical to the product of the human JE gene. The JE gene, originally identified in mouse fibroblasts, is a plateletderived growth factor (PDGF)inducible gene. The human CCL2 cDNA encodes a 99 amino acid residue precursor protein with a 23 residue hydrophobic signal peptide that is cleaved to generate the 76 residue mature protein. Natural CCL2 is heterogeneous in size due to the addition of Olinked carbohydrates and sialic acid residues. In addition to fibroblasts; tumor cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and mononuclear phagocytes can also produce CCL2 either constitutively or upon stimulation by various stimuli. CCL2 is a member of the β (CC) subfamily of chemokines. Recently, the existence of MCP2 and MCP3 with 62% a

Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to the cytokine IL-2. The IL-2R is made up of 3 subunits - alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ). The α and β chains are involved in binding IL-2, while signal transduction following cytokine interaction is carried out by the γ-chain, along with the β subunit. The β and γ chains of the IL-2R are members of the type I cytokine receptor family. IL-2R has a high binding affinity to IL-2 and is expressed by antigen-activated T lymphocytes (T cells). IL-2 Rα is also known as CD25, p55, and Tac (activated T cell) antigen.

Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to the cytokine IL-2. The IL-2R is made up of 3 subunits - alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ). The α and β chains are involved in binding IL-2, while signal transduction following cytokine interaction is carried out by the γ-chain, along with the β subunit. The β and γ chains of the IL-2R are members of the type I cytokine receptor family. IL-2R has a high binding affinity to IL-2 and is expressed by antigen-activated T lymphocytes (T cells). IL-2 Rα is also known as CD25, p55, and Tac (activated T cell) antigen.

Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to the cytokine IL-2. The IL-2R is made up of 3 subunits - alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ). The α and β chains are involved in binding IL-2, while signal transduction following cytokine interaction is carried out by the γ-chain, along with the β subunit. The β and γ chains of the IL-2R are members of the type I cytokine receptor family. IL-2R has a high binding affinity to IL-2 and is expressed by antigen-activated T lymphocytes (T cells). IL-2 Rα is also known as CD25, p55, and Tac (activated T cell) antigen.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8e (FGF-8e) is a cytokine belonging to the heparin-binding FGF family, which has at least 23 members. FGF-8 has 8 different isoforms, named FGF-8a through FGF-8h. Different FGF-8 isoforms have different receptor affinities, and thus participate in different signaling cascade pathways. FGF-8 has widespread expression during embryonic development, promoting gastrulation, somitogenesis, morphogenesis, and limb formation. FGF-8 also has oncogenic potential. While in normal cells FGF-8 is expressed at very low levels, in breast, prostate and ovarian cancer FGF-8 is highly expressed.FGF-8 promotes tumor angiogenesis by increasing neovascularization, and inducing osteoblastic differentiation.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8e (FGF-8e) is a cytokine belonging to the heparin-binding FGF family, which has at least 23 members. FGF-8 has 8 different isoforms, named FGF-8a through FGF-8h. Different FGF-8 isoforms have different receptor affinities, and thus participate in different signaling cascade pathways. FGF-8 has widespread expression during embryonic development, promoting gastrulation, somitogenesis, morphogenesis, and limb formation. FGF-8 also has oncogenic potential. While in normal cells FGF-8 is expressed at very low levels, in breast, prostate and ovarian cancer FGF-8 is highly expressed.FGF-8 promotes tumor angiogenesis by increasing neovascularization, and inducing osteoblastic differentiation.