Cytokines & Chemokines

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) plays a major role in regulating growth, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells. In addition to inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, studies indicate TNF is involved in tumor igenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) plays a major role in regulating growth, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells. In addition to inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, studies indicate TNF is involved in tumor igenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) plays a major role in regulating growth, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells. In addition to inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, studies indicate TNF is involved in tumor igenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease.

Myoglobin, a member of the globin family of proteins, is a cytosolic oxygen-binding protein that regulates the storage and diffusion of oxygen within myocytes. The largest expression of myoglobin is in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Myoglobin exhibits various functions in relation to the muscular oxygen supply, such as oxygen storage, facilitated diffusion, and myoglobin-mediated oxidative phosphorylation. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissues. High concentrations of myoglobin in muscle cells allow organisms to hold their breath for a longer period of time. Diving mammals such as whales and seals have muscles with a particularly high abundance of myoglobin. Myoglobin is found in Type I, Type II A and Type II B muscle; however several studies indicate myoglobinis not found in smooth muscle.

Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) is a subtype of the troponin family that is commonly used as a marker for myocardial damage. Cardiac troponin I is specific for cardiac tissue and is detected in the serum only if myocardial injury has occurred. Because cardiac troponin I is a very sensitive and specific indicator of heart muscle (myocardium) damage, serum levels can be used to help differentiate between unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack) in people with chest pain or acute coronary syndrome.

Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) is a subtype of the troponin family that is commonly used as a marker for myocardial damage. Cardiac troponin I is specific for cardiac tissue and is detected in the serum only if myocardial injury has occurred. Because cardiac troponin I is a very sensitive and specific indicator of heart muscle (myocardium) damage, serum levels can be used to help differentiate between unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack) in people with chest pain or acute coronary syndrome.

Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) is a subtype of the troponin family that is commonly used as a marker for myocardial damage. Cardiac troponin I is specific for cardiac tissue and is detected in the serum only if myocardial injury has occurred. Because cardiac troponin I is a very sensitive and specific indicator of heart muscle (myocardium) damage, serum levels can be used to help differentiate between unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack) in people with chest pain or acute coronary syndrome.

Neuregulins or neuroregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins (NRG1, NRG2, NRG3 and NRG4) that are members of the EGF family of proteins. Studies indicate neuregulins function in nervous system development with essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis including: cardiac development, Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte differentiation, certain aspects of neuronal development, and the formation of neuromuscular synapses. Neuregulin 1 is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and the heart. It is produced in numerous isoforms by alternative splicing, allowing it to perform a variety of functions. All NRG1 isoforms contain an EGF-like domain that is required for direct binding to ErbB3 or ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinases. The transmembrane NRG1 isoforms contain an extracellular domain that can be proteolytically cleaved to release soluble growth factors.

Neuregulins or neuroregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins (NRG1, NRG2, NRG3 and NRG4) that are members of the EGF family of proteins. Studies indicate neuregulins function in nervous system development with essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis including: cardiac development, Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte differentiation, certain aspects of neuronal development, and the formation of neuromuscular synapses. Neuregulin 1 is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and the heart. It is produced in numerous isoforms by alternative splicing, allowing it to perform a variety of functions. All NRG1 isoforms contain an EGF-like domain that is required for direct binding to ErbB3 or ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinases. The transmembrane NRG1 isoforms contain an extracellular domain that can be proteolytically cleaved to release soluble growth factors.