Cytokines & Chemokines

Cathepsin B is an enzymatic protein that is a member of the peptidase (or protease) family. Elevated lev- els of cathepsin B occur in a wide variety of disease,causing numerous pathologies including cell death, inflammation, and the production of toxic peptides. For example, neuroscience research suggests that cathepsin B plays a role in inducing epilepsy resulting in a significant amount of cell death. Seizure-induced rats treated with a cathepsin B inhibitor exhibited improved neurological scores and learning ability with reduced neuronal cell death.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also referred to as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2). CXCL2 is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. CXCL2’s amino acid sequence is 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of related chemokine, CXCL1. CXCL2 signals through the CXCR2 receptor.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also referred to as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2). CXCL2 is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. CXCL2’s amino acid sequence is 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of related chemokine, CXCL1. CXCL2 signals through the CXCR2 receptor.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also referred to as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2). CXCL2 is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. CXCL2’s amino acid sequence is 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of related chemokine, CXCL1. CXCL2 signals through the CXCR2 receptor.

Transforming Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-α) , also known as sarcoma growth factor, TGF-type I and ETGF, is a member of the EGF family of cytokines. It is expressed in monocytes, brain cells, keratinocytes and various tumor cells. TGF-α signals through EGFR and acts synergistically with TGF-beta to promote the proliferation of a wide range of epidermal and epithelial cells. TGF-α is a transforming growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. The biological actions of TGF-α and EGF are similar. For instance, TGF-α and EGF bind to the same receptor. When TGF-α binds to EGFR it can initiate multiple cell proliferation events.

Transforming Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-α) , also known as sarcoma growth factor, TGF-type I and ETGF, is a member of the EGF family of cytokines. It is expressed in monocytes, brain cells, keratinocytes and various tumor cells. TGF-α signals through EGFR and acts synergistically with TGF-beta to promote the proliferation of a wide range of epidermal and epithelial cells. TGF-α is a transforming growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. The biological actions of TGF-α and EGF are similar. For instance, TGF-α and EGF bind to the same receptor. When TGF-α binds to EGFR it can initiate multiple cell proliferation events.

Transforming Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-α) , also known as sarcoma growth factor, TGF-type I and ETGF, is a member of the EGF family of cytokines. It is expressed in monocytes, brain cells, keratinocytes and various tumor cells. TGF-α signals through EGFR and acts synergistically with TGF-beta to promote the proliferation of a wide range of epidermal and epithelial cells. TGF-α is a transforming growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. The biological actions of TGF-α and EGF are similar. For instance, TGF-α and EGF bind to the same receptor. When TGF-α binds to EGFR it can initiate multiple cell proliferation events.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune disease. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseasesuch as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune disease. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseasesuch as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.