Cytokines & Chemokines

The properties of retinol binding protein is the transport carrier of vitamin A in the plasma. Human-retinol binding protein is a single-chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 21000 and one binding site for retinol and other forms of vitamin A. In addition, compounds related to retinol, such as retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl esters and geometric isomers of retinol and of retinal were evaluated for their ability to bind to this protein. In plasma, RBP4-retinol forms a complex with transthyretin (TTR), also known as thyroxine-binding protein and prealbumin. Defects in RBP4 cause retinol-binding protein deficiency, which affects night vision.

The properties of retinol binding protein is the transport carrier of vitamin A in the plasma. Human-retinol binding protein is a single-chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 21000 and one binding site for retinol and other forms of vitamin A. In addition, compounds related to retinol, such as retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl esters and geometric isomers of retinol and of retinal were evaluated for their ability to bind to this protein. In plasma, RBP4-retinol forms a complex with transthyretin (TTR), also known as thyroxine-binding protein and prealbumin. Defects in RBP4 cause retinol-binding protein deficiency, which affects night vision.

Noggin, also known as NOG, is a homodimeric glycoprotein that bindsto and modulates the activity of TGF-beta family ligands. It is expressed in condensing cartilage and immature chondrocytes. Noggin antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activities by blocking epitopes on BMPs needed for binding to their receptors. Noggin has been shown to be involved in many developmental processes, such as neural tube formation and joint formation. During development, Noggin diffuses through extracellular matrices and forms morphogenic gradients, regulating cellular responses dependent on the local concentration of the signaling molecule.

Noggin, also known as NOG, is a homodimeric glycoprotein that bindsto and modulates the activity of TGF-beta family ligands. It is expressed in condensing cartilage and immature chondrocytes. Noggin antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activities by blocking epitopes on BMPs needed for binding to their receptors. Noggin has been shown to be involved in many developmental processes, such as neural tube formation and joint formation. During development, Noggin diffuses through extracellular matrices and forms morphogenic gradients, regulating cellular responses dependent on the local concentration of the signaling molecule.

4-1BB(CD137) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Mature human 4-1BB consists of a 163 amino acid extracellular domain (ECD) with four TNFR cysteine‑rich repeats, a 27 aa transmembrane segment, and a 42 aa cytoplasmic domain; 4-1BB (CD137) is expressed as a disulfide-linked homodimer on various populations of activated T cell including CD4+, CD8+, memory CD8+, NKT, and regulatory T cells as well as on myeloid and mast cell progenitors, dendritic cells, mast cells, and bacterially infected osteoblasts. It binds with high affinity to the transmembrane 4-1BB Ligand/TNFSF9 which is expressed on antigen presenting cells and myeloid progenitor cells. This interaction co stimulates the proliferation, activation, and/or survival of the 4-1BB expressing cell. It can also enhance the activation-induced cell death of repetitively stimulated T cells.

4-1BB(CD137) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Mature human 4-1BB consists of a 163 amino acid extracellular domain (ECD) with four TNFR cysteine‑rich repeats, a 27 aa transmembrane segment, and a 42 aa cytoplasmic domain; 4-1BB (CD137) is expressed as a disulfide-linked homodimer on various populations of activated T cell including CD4+, CD8+, memory CD8+, NKT, and regulatory T cells as well as on myeloid and mast cell progenitors, dendritic cells, mast cells, and bacterially infected osteoblasts. It binds with high affinity to the transmembrane 4-1BB Ligand/TNFSF9 which is expressed on antigen presenting cells and myeloid progenitor cells. This interaction co stimulates the proliferation, activation, and/or survival of the 4-1BB expressing cell. It can also enhance the activation-induced cell death of repetitively stimulated T cells.

Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279) or PDCD1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1 is a cell surface receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on T cells and pro-B cells.PD-1 binds two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-1 and its ligands play an important role in down regulating the immune system by preventing the activation of T-cells, which in turn reduces autoimmunity and promotes self-tolerance. The inhibitory effect of PD-1 is accomplished through a dual mechanism of promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death) in antigen specific T-cells in lymph nodes while simultaneously reducing apoptosis in regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells).

Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279) or PDCD1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1 is a cell surface receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on T cells and pro-B cells.PD-1 binds two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-1 and its ligands play an important role in down regulating the immune system by preventing the activation of T-cells, which in turn reduces autoimmunity and promotes self-tolerance. The inhibitory effect of PD-1 is accomplished through a dual mechanism of promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death) in antigen specific T-cells in lymph nodes while simultaneously reducing apoptosis in regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells).

Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279) or PDCD1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1 is a cell surface receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on T cells and pro-B cells.PD-1 binds two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-1 and its ligands play an important role in down regulating the immune system by preventing the activation of T-cells, which in turn reduces autoimmunity and promotes self-tolerance. The inhibitory effect of PD-1 is accomplished through a dual mechanism of promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death) in antigen specific T-cells in lymph nodes while simultaneously reducing apoptosis in regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells).