Cytokines & Chemokines

Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a cytokine belonging to the interleukin family. Structurally, IL-19 is grouped into the IL-10 sub-family, which also includes IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26. In contrast to IL-10, which exists as a homodimer, IL-19 is stable and active as a monomer in vivo. IL-19 functions through the receptor complex composed of IL-20 Receptor α and IL-20 Receptor β, which is also utilized by IL-20 and IL-24. IL-19 is produced by active monocytes and stimulated synergistically by IL-17 and IL-13. The functions of IL-19 are to promote the development and function of Th2 cells and to enhance the production of Th2 cytokines. IL-19 is implicated in aging, vascular disease, Type I diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5), produced by mast cells, T cells and eosinophils, mediates the activities of eosinophil differentiating factor, B cell growth factor II and T cell-replacing factor (TRF). It can increase production and mobilization of eosinophils and CD34+ progenitors from the bone marrow. IL-5 plays an important role in inducing cell-mediated immunity against parasitic infections and certain tumors. IL-5 also promotes differentiation of basophils and primes them for histamine and leukotriene release.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5), produced by mast cells, T cells and eosinophils, mediates the activities of eosinophil differentiating factor, B cell growth factor II and T cell-replacing factor (TRF). It can increase production and mobilization of eosinophils and CD34+ progenitors from the bone marrow. IL-5 plays an important role in inducing cell-mediated immunity against parasitic infections and certain tumors. IL-5 also promotes differentiation of basophils and primes them for histamine and leukotriene release.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5), produced by mast cells, T cells and eosinophils, mediates the activities of eosinophil differentiating factor, B cell growth factor II and T cell-replacing factor (TRF). It can increase production and mobilization of eosinophils and CD34+ progenitors from the bone marrow. IL-5 plays an important role in inducing cell-mediated immunity against parasitic infections and certain tumors. IL-5 also promotes differentiation of basophils and primes them for histamine and leukotriene release.

Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), is produced in a variety of cells including monocytes, tissue macrophages, keratinocytes and other epithelial cells. Both IL-1 alpha and IL-1beta bind to the same receptor and have similar if not identical biological properties. These cytokines have a broad range of activities including stimulation of thymocyte proliferation via IL-2 release, B-cell maturation and proliferation, mitogenic FGF-like activity, and the ability to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells. However, whereas IL-1beta is a secreted cytokine, IL-1 alpha is predominantly a cell-associated cytokine.

Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), is produced in a variety of cells including monocytes, tissue macrophages, keratinocytes and other epithelial cells. Both IL-1 alpha and IL-1beta bind to the same receptor and have similar if not identical biological properties. These cytokines have a broad range of activities including stimulation of thymocyte proliferation via IL-2 release, B-cell maturation and proliferation, mitogenic FGF-like activity, and the ability to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells. However, whereas IL-1beta is a secreted cytokine, IL-1 alpha is predominantly a cell-associated cytokine.

Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), is produced in a variety of cells including monocytes, tissue macrophages, keratinocytes and other epithelial cells. Both IL-1 alpha and IL-1beta bind to the same receptor and have similar if not identical biological properties. These cytokines have a broad range of activities including stimulation of thymocyte proliferation via IL-2 release, B-cell maturation and proliferation, mitogenic FGF-like activity, and the ability to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells. However, whereas IL-1beta is a secreted cytokine, IL-1 alpha is predominantly a cell-associated cytokine.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-basic (FGF-basic), also known as FGF-2, is a pleiotropic cytokine and one of the prototypic members of the heparin-binding FGF family. Like other FGF family members, bFGF has the β trefoil structure. In vivo, bFGF is produced by a variety of cells, including cardiomycotes, fibroblasts, and vascular cells. bFGF regulates a variety of processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, adhesion, motility, apoptosis, limb formation and wound healing. bFGF can be tumorigenic due to its role in angiogenesis and blood vessel remodeling. The angiogenic effects of bFGF can produce beneficial cardioprotection during acute heart injury.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-basic (FGF-basic), also known as FGF-2, is a pleiotropic cytokine and one of the prototypic members of the heparin-binding FGF family. Like other FGF family members, bFGF has the β trefoil structure. In vivo, bFGF is produced by a variety of cells, including cardiomycotes, fibroblasts, and vascular cells. bFGF regulates a variety of processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, adhesion, motility, apoptosis, limb formation and wound healing. bFGF can be tumorigenic due to its role in angiogenesis and blood vessel remodeling. The angiogenic effects of bFGF can produce beneficial cardioprotection during acute heart injury.