Cytokines & Chemokines

Fibroblast Growth Factor-10 (FGF-10) is a mitogen mainly produced by mesenchymal stem cells in lung. FGF-10 belongs to the heparin binding FGF family, and is also known as Keratinocyte Growth Factor-2 (KGF-2). It shares homology with KGF, and both KGF and FGF-10 activate the receptor FGFR2-IIIb. However, unlike KGF, which induces the proliferation and differentiation of various epithelial cells, FGF-10 is an essential factor for the budding and branching morphogenesis during multi-organ development via mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. FGF-10 is crucial for lung and limb development and is regulated by Shh during early development.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-10 (FGF-10) is a mitogen mainly produced by mesenchymal stem cells in lung. FGF-10 belongs to the heparin binding FGF family, and is also known as Keratinocyte Growth Factor-2 (KGF-2). It shares homology with KGF, and both KGF and FGF-10 activate the receptor FGFR2-IIIb. However, unlike KGF, which induces the proliferation and differentiation of various epithelial cells, FGF-10 is an essential factor for the budding and branching morphogenesis during multi-organ development via mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. FGF-10 is crucial for lung and limb development and is regulated by Shh during early development.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-10 (FGF-10) is a mitogen mainly produced by mesenchymal stem cells in lung. FGF-10 belongs to the heparin binding FGF family, and is also known as Keratinocyte Growth Factor-2 (KGF-2). It shares homology with KGF, and both KGF and FGF-10 activate the receptor FGFR2-IIIb. However, unlike KGF, which induces the proliferation and differentiation of various epithelial cells, FGF-10 is an essential factor for the budding and branching morphogenesis during multi-organ development via mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. FGF-10 is crucial for lung and limb development and is regulated by Shh during early development.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the interleukin family. IL-3 shares similarities with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and IL-5: they all have a four-helix bundle structure, are located on the same chromosomes in both human and mouse, are produced by activated T cells, and share receptors. The IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptor family members are all heterodimeric, composed of a receptor-specific α chain and a common β chain. IL-3 is also called multi-colony stimulating factor since it stimulates the development and colony formation of multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells by activating intracellular pathways such as Ras-Raf-ERK and JAK/STAT. IL-3 inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell survival by targeting the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene family.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the interleukin family. IL-3 shares similarities with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and IL-5: they all have a four-helix bundle structure, are located on the same chromosomes in both human and mouse, are produced by activated T cells, and share receptors. The IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptor family members are all heterodimeric, composed of a receptor-specific α chain and a common β chain. IL-3 is also called multi-colony stimulating factor since it stimulates the development and colony formation of multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells by activating intracellular pathways such as Ras-Raf-ERK and JAK/STAT. IL-3 inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell survival by targeting the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene family.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the interleukin family. IL-3 shares similarities with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and IL-5: they all have a four-helix bundle structure, are located on the same chromosomes in both human and mouse, are produced by activated T cells, and share receptors. The IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptor family members are all heterodimeric, composed of a receptor-specific α chain and a common β chain. IL-3 is also called multi-colony stimulating factor since it stimulates the development and colony formation of multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells by activating intracellular pathways such as Ras-Raf-ERK and JAK/STAT. IL-3 inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell survival by targeting the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene family.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF-21) is a metabolic cytokine belonging to the heparin-binding FGF family. Along with FGF-19/15 and FGF-23, FGF-21 is categorized as a member of the atypical FGF subfamily, as it must be complexed to the Klotho co-receptor in order to bind to the FGF receptors and activate the downstream signaling pathway. In vivo FGF-21 is expressed in liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, and it plays a central role in the energy metabolism. The expression of FGF-21 is stimulated by free fatty acids and insulin resistant states and is correlated with whole-body insulin resistance. FGF-21 activates glucose uptake in adipocytes and increases insulin sensitivity, implicating it as a novel target with potential anti-diabetic properties.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF-21) is a metabolic cytokine belonging to the heparin-binding FGF family. Along with FGF-19/15 and FGF-23, FGF-21 is categorized as a member of the atypical FGF subfamily, as it must be complexed to the Klotho co-receptor in order to bind to the FGF receptors and activate the downstream signaling pathway. In vivo FGF-21 is expressed in liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, and it plays a central role in the energy metabolism. The expression of FGF-21 is stimulated by free fatty acids and insulin resistant states and is correlated with whole-body insulin resistance. FGF-21 activates glucose uptake in adipocytes and increases insulin sensitivity, implicating it as a novel target with potential anti-diabetic properties.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF-21) is a metabolic cytokine belonging to the heparin-binding FGF family. Along with FGF-19/15 and FGF-23, FGF-21 is categorized as a member of the atypical FGF subfamily, as it must be complexed to the Klotho co-receptor in order to bind to the FGF receptors and activate the downstream signaling pathway. In vivo FGF-21 is expressed in liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, and it plays a central role in the energy metabolism. The expression of FGF-21 is stimulated by free fatty acids and insulin resistant states and is correlated with whole-body insulin resistance. FGF-21 activates glucose uptake in adipocytes and increases insulin sensitivity, implicating it as a novel target with potential anti-diabetic properties.