Cytokines & Chemokines

IL-1 Receptor Antagonist, also known as IL-1RA, ICIL-1RA, IRAP and IL-1RN, is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. It is expressed by monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells and fibroblasts. IL-1RA inhibits the activity of both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, and modulates a variety of IL-1 related immune and inflammatory responses. It inhibits the activity of IL-1 by binding to the receptor IL-1R1 and preventing its association with the coreceptor IL-1RAP for signaling. Clinical studies are being conducted to investigate the use of IL-1RA in the treatment of sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic myelogenous leukemia.

IL-1 Receptor Antagonist, also known as IL-1RA, ICIL-1RA, IRAP and IL-1RN, is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. It is expressed by monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells and fibroblasts. IL-1RA inhibits the activity of both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, and modulates a variety of IL-1 related immune and inflammatory responses. It inhibits the activity of IL-1 by binding to the receptor IL-1R1 and preventing its association with the coreceptor IL-1RAP for signaling. Clinical studies are being conducted to investigate the use of IL-1RA in the treatment of sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic myelogenous leukemia.

IL-1 Receptor Antagonist, also known as IL-1RA, ICIL-1RA, IRAP and IL-1RN, is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. It is expressed by monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells and fibroblasts. IL-1RA inhibits the activity of both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, and modulates a variety of IL-1 related immune and inflammatory responses. It inhibits the activity of IL-1 by binding to the receptor IL-1R1 and preventing its association with the coreceptor IL-1RAP for signaling. Clinical studies are being conducted to investigate the use of IL-1RA in the treatment of sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, also known as GDNF and ATF-1, is a neurotrophic factor belonging to the TGF-beta family. It is expressed in both central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS tissues. GDNF signals through a receptor system composed of a RET and one of the four GFR alpha receptors. It promotes the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, and increases their high-affinity dopamine uptake. In a mouse Parkinson’s Disease model, GDNF has been shown to improve bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. GDNF has also been shown to regulate kidney development, spermatogenesis and affect alcohol consumption.

Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, also known as GDNF and ATF-1, is a neurotrophic factor belonging to the TGF-beta family. It is expressed in both central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS tissues. GDNF signals through a receptor system composed of a RET and one of the four GFR alpha receptors. It promotes the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, and increases their high-affinity dopamine uptake. In a mouse Parkinson’s Disease model, GDNF has been shown to improve bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. GDNF has also been shown to regulate kidney development, spermatogenesis and affect alcohol consumption.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), initially known as Cytokine Synthesis Inhibitory Factor (CSIF), belongs to the IL-10 family and shares more than 80% sequence homology with the Epstein-Barr Virus protein BCRFI. It is produced by many immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages, mast cells and dendritic cells. It is usually secreted as a homodimer and, upon binding to its receptor, inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and Th2 cells. It also displays the ability to suppress Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) function. The net effect of Interleukin-10 appears to be inhibitory; however, stimulatory effects, such as stimulation of B cell maturation and antibody production, are also reported.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), initially known as Cytokine Synthesis Inhibitory Factor (CSIF), belongs to the IL-10 family and shares more than 80% sequence homology with the Epstein-Barr Virus protein BCRFI. It is produced by many immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages, mast cells and dendritic cells. It is usually secreted as a homodimer and, upon binding to its receptor, inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and Th2 cells. It also displays the ability to suppress Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) function. The net effect of Interleukin-10 appears to be inhibitory; however, stimulatory effects, such as stimulation of B cell maturation and antibody production, are also reported.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), initially known as Cytokine Synthesis Inhibitory Factor (CSIF), belongs to the IL-10 family and shares more than 80% sequence homology with the Epstein-Barr Virus protein BCRFI. It is produced by many immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages, mast cells and dendritic cells. It is usually secreted as a homodimer and, upon binding to its receptor, inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and Th2 cells. It also displays the ability to suppress Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) function. The net effect of Interleukin-10 appears to be inhibitory; however, stimulatory effects, such as stimulation of B cell maturation and antibody production, are also reported.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8a (FGF-8a) is a cytokine belonging to the heparin-binding FGF family, which has at least 23 members. FGF-8 has 8 different isoforms, named FGF-8a through FGF-8h. Different FGF-8 isoforms have different affinities to the receptors, and thus participate in different signaling cascade pathways. FGF-8 has very widespread expression during embryonic development, and is an organizer and inducer for gastrulation, somitogenesis, morphogenesis, and limb induction. However, FGF-8 is also a potential oncogene: in normal adult cells, FGF-8 has very low expression, but FGF-8 is highly expressed in cancer cells of breast, prostate, and ovarian tumors. FGF-8 promotes tumor angiogenesis by increasing neovascularization, and induces osteoblastic differentiation.