Cytokines & Chemokines

Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), also known as NT-5, is a neurotrophic factor structurally related to β-NGF, BDNF, and NT-3. Human NT-4 shares 48 - 52% aa sequence identity with human β-NGF, BDNF, and NT-3. Neurotrophins have six conserved cysteine residues that are involved in the formation of three disulfide bonds. NT-4 is expressed highest levels in prostate, lower levels in thymus, placenta, and skeletal muscle. NT-4 binds and induces receptor dimerization and activation of TrkB. NT-4 can signal through TrkB receptors and promotes the survival of peripheral sensory sympathetic neurons.

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenzavirus. It is responsible for binding the virus to cells with sialic acid on their membranes, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes. It is also responsible for the fusion of the viral envelope with the endosome membrane after the pH has been reduced. The name "hemagglutinin" comes from the protein's ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together in vitro. HA has two functions. First, it allows the recognition of target vertebrate cells, accomplished through binding to these cells' sialic acid-containing receptors. Second, once bound it facilitates the entry of the viral genome into the target cells by causing the fusion of the host endosomal membrane with the viral membrane. H1N1 is a subtype of influenza virus A and the most common cause of influenza in humans.

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenzavirus. It is responsible for binding the virus to cells with sialic acid on their membranes, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes. It is also responsible for the fusion of the viral envelope with the endosome membrane after the pH has been reduced. The name "hemagglutinin" comes from the protein's ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together in vitro. HA has two functions. First, it allows the recognition of target vertebrate cells, accomplished through binding to these cells' sialic acid-containing receptors. Second, once bound it facilitates the entry of the viral genome into the target cells by causing the fusion of the host endosomal membrane with the viral membrane. H1N1 is a subtype of influenza virus A and the most common cause of influenza in humans.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), also known as BSF-2, CDF and IFNB2, is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. It is produced mainly by T cells, macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. IL-6 binds to IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to trigger the association of IL-6R with gp130, inducing signal transduction through JAKs and STATs. The biological functions of IL-6 are diverse. It stimulates B cell differentiation and antibody production, myeloma and plasmacytoma growth, and nerve cell differentiation. It also acts as a myokine, produced by muscle cells in response to muscle contraction and released into the blood stream to help break down fats and improve insulin resistance.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), also known as BSF-2, CDF and IFNB2, is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. It is produced mainly by T cells, macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. IL-6 binds to IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to trigger the association of IL-6R with gp130, inducing signal transduction through JAKs and STATs. The biological functions of IL-6 are diverse. It stimulates B cell differentiation and antibody production, myeloma and plasmacytoma growth, and nerve cell differentiation. It also acts as a myokine, produced by muscle cells in response to muscle contraction and released into the blood stream to help break down fats and improve insulin resistance.

Interleukin-7 (IL-7), also known as lymphopoietin 1 and pre-B cell factor, is a hematopoietic growth factor belonging to the IL-7/IL-9 family. It is produced by keratinocytes, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, neurons and epithelial cells. IL-7 binds and signals through IL-7 receptor, a heterodimer consisting of IL-7 receptor alpha and common gamma chain receptor. IL-7 plays a role in regulating early B cell and T cell development. It is also important for optimal dendritic cell-T cell interaction.

Interleukin-7 (IL-7), also known as lymphopoietin 1 and pre-B cell factor, is a hematopoietic growth factor belonging to the IL-7/IL-9 family. It is produced by keratinocytes, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, neurons and epithelial cells. IL-7 binds and signals through IL-7 receptor, a heterodimer consisting of IL-7 receptor alpha and common gamma chain receptor. IL-7 plays a role in regulating early B cell and T cell development. It is also important for optimal dendritic cell-T cell interaction.

Interleukin-13 (IL-13), also known as T-cell activation protein P600, is an immunoregulatory cytokine belonging to the IL-4/IL-13 family. It is produced by activated Th2 cells, mast cells and NK cells. IL-13 signals through a receptor complex composed of IL-4Rα and IL13Rα1 (or IL13Rα2). IL-13 inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 by monocytes and macrophages. It also induces B cell activation and IgE secretion.

Interleukin-13 (IL-13), also known as T-cell activation protein P600, is an immunoregulatory cytokine belonging to the IL-4/IL-13 family. It is produced by activated Th2 cells, mast cells and NK cells. IL-13 signals through a receptor complex composed of IL-4Rα and IL13Rα1 (or IL13Rα2). IL-13 inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 by monocytes and macrophages. It also induces B cell activation and IgE secretion.