Cytokines & Chemokines

Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15), also known as GDF-9B, is a TGF-β superfamily ligand that is expressed by oocytes throughout folliculogenesis, and plays an important role in oocyte development. BMP-15 promotes the FSH-independent proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells (GC) and induces GC glycolysis and cholesterol synthesis. It also induces GC production of stem cell factor which, in turn, negatively regulates BMP-15 expression in oocytes. BMP-15 blocks the FS-induced GC expression of FSH R and multiple steroidogenic molecules.

Interleukin-36 beta (IL-36β) is an 18 kDa cytokine with 154 amino acid residues. IL-36β, the ligand of IL-36R, is expressed in keratinocytes and plays a significant role in inflammatory responses. IL-36β regulates biological functions like the differentiation of T cells. Moreover, IL-36β recruits neutrophils via inducing the expression of cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-17C, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), IL-8, CXCL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) activates c-Met receptor's tyrosine kinase cascade, influencing cell growth and motility. Originating from mesenchymal cells, HGF is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a central role in angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and tissue regeneration. Initially secreted as an inactive polypeptide, HGF undergoes cleavage to become an active heterodimeric molecule. The gene exhibits alternative splicing, resulting in diverse isoforms.

IL-3 (interleukin 3), also known as IL3, is a potent growth-promoting cytokine that belongs to the IL-3 family. IL-3 also belongs to the group of interleukins. Interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency.

IL-3 (interleukin 3), also known as IL3, is a potent growth-promoting cytokine that belongs to the IL-3 family. IL-3 also belongs to the group of interleukins. Interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency.