Cytokines & Chemokines

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the long four-helix bundle cytokine superfamily. LIF shares tertiary structure with several other cytokines, including Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Oncostatin M, ciliary neurotropic factor, and cardiotrophin-1, and their functions in vivo are also redundant to some extent. LIF can bind to the common receptor of IL-6 subfamily, gp130, and then recruit its own receptor LIF Receptor to form a ternary complex. The basal expression of LIF in vivo is low; and its expression is induced by pro-inflammatory factors, including lipopolysaccharide, IL-1, and IL-17, and inhibited by anti-inflammatory agents, including IL-4 and IL-13. The functions of LIF include proliferation of primordial germ cells, regulation in blastocyst implantation and early pregnancy, and maintenance of pluripotent embryonic stem cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a potent growth and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Expressed in vascularized tissues, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Substantial evidence implicates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the induction of tumor metastasis and intra-ocular neovascular syndromes. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signals through the three receptors; fms-like tyrosine kinase (flt-1), KDR gene product (the murine homolog of KDR is the flk-1 gene product) and the flt4 gene product.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a potent growth and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Expressed in vascularized tissues, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Substantial evidence implicates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the induction of tumor metastasis and intra-ocular neovascular syndromes. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signals through the three receptors; fms-like tyrosine kinase (flt-1), KDR gene product (the murine homolog of KDR is the flk-1 gene product) and the flt4 gene product.