Cytokines & Chemokines

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a multifunctional cytokine, and belongs to Interleukin-6 (IL-6) subfamily, including IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotropic factor, cardiotrophin-1, and novel neurotropin-1. In vivo, OSM is secreted from activated T cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and endothelial cells. OSM is related to LIF, and share a receptor with LIF in human. Human OSM can bind to gp130 and recruit OSM Receptor β or LIF Receptor β to form a ternary complex. OSM stimulates the growth of different types of cells, including megakaryocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and T cells. On the other hand, OSM inhibits the proliferation of several cancer cell lines, such as solid tissue tumor cells, lung cancer cells, melanoma cells, and breast cancer cells.

Adiponectin is an important adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It is synthesized exclusively by adipocytes and secreted into plasma. It antagonizes THF-alpha by negatively regulating its expression. It also inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Adiponectin can form low molecular weight complexes (LMW), middle molecular weight complexes (MMW) and higher molecular weight complexes (HMW). These bind to various growth factors, such as HBEGF, PDGFB and FGF2, and play a role in cell growth, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling.

Adiponectin is an important adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It is synthesized exclusively by adipocytes and secreted into plasma. It antagonizes THF-alpha by negatively regulating its expression. It also inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Adiponectin can form low molecular weight complexes (LMW), middle molecular weight complexes (MMW) and higher molecular weight complexes (HMW). These bind to various growth factors, such as HBEGF, PDGFB and FGF2, and play a role in cell growth, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling.

Adiponectin is an important adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It is synthesized exclusively by adipocytes and secreted into plasma. It antagonizes THF-alpha by negatively regulating its expression. It also inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Adiponectin can form low molecular weight complexes (LMW), middle molecular weight complexes (MMW) and higher molecular weight complexes (HMW). These bind to various growth factors, such as HBEGF, PDGFB and FGF2, and play a role in cell growth, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a potent growth and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Expressed in vascularized tissues, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Substantial evidence implicates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the induction of tumor metastasis and intra-ocular neovascular syndromes. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signals through the three receptors; fms-like tyrosine kinase (flt-1), KDR gene product (the murine homolog of KDR is the flk-1 gene product) and the flt4 gene product.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a potent growth and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Expressed in vascularized tissues, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Substantial evidence implicates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the induction of tumor metastasis and intra-ocular neovascular syndromes. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signals through the three receptors; fms-like tyrosine kinase (flt-1), KDR gene product (the murine homolog of KDR is the flk-1 gene product) and the flt4 gene product.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a potent growth and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Expressed in vascularized tissues, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Substantial evidence implicates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the induction of tumor metastasis and intra-ocular neovascular syndromes. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signals through the three receptors; fms-like tyrosine kinase (flt-1), KDR gene product (the murine homolog of KDR is the flk-1 gene product) and the flt4 gene product.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a Oglycosylated, four α-helix bundle cytokine that has potent stimulatory activity for antigen-activated T cells. It is expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions which are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells, NK cells, lymphokine activated killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and oligodendrocytes.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a Oglycosylated, four α-helix bundle cytokine that has potent stimulatory activity for antigen-activated T cells. It is expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions which are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells, NK cells, lymphokine activated killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and oligodendrocytes.