Other Proteins

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was initially characterized as a growth factorthat can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by anumber of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cellsand fibroblasts) in response to cytokine of immune and inflammatory stimuli. Besides granulocyte-macrophageprogenitors, GM-CSF is also a growth factor for erythroid, megakaryocyte and eosinophil progenitors. Onmature hematopoietic, monocytes/ macrophages and eosinophils. GM-CSF has a functional role on nonhematopoitic cells. It can induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Additionally, GM-CSF canalso stimulate the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines, including osteogenic sarcoma, carcinoma andadenocarcinoma cell lines.

Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) is a multimeric glycoprotein involved in hemostasis in blood, binds receptors on the surface of platelets and in connective tissue, thereby mediating the adhesion of platelets to sites of vascular injury. From studies it appears that VWF protein uncoils under these circumstances, decelerating passing platelets. VWF protein is deficient or defective in von Willebrand disease (VWD) and is involved in a large number of other diseases, including thrombosis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Stroke, Heyde's syndrome, possibly hemolytic-uremic syndrome and so on.

LDL Receptor, also known as LDLR, is a mosaic protein which belongs to the Low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. The low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene family consists of cell surface proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of specific ligands. LDL Receptor consists of 840 amino acids (after removal of signal peptide) and mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich LDL. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is normally bound at the cell membrane and taken into the cell ending up in lysosomes where the protein is degraded and the cholesterol is made available for repression of microsomal enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. At the same time, a reciprocal stimulation of cholesterol ester synthesis takes place. LDL Receptor is a cell-surface receptor that recognizes the apoprotein B100 which is embedded in the phospholipid outer layer of LDL particles. The receptor also recognizes the apoE

Alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. The process of removing the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation. As the name suggests, alkaline phosphatases are most effective in an alkaline environment. It is sometimes used synonymously as basic phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatases (APs) are ubiquitous in many species, from bacteria to human. Four genes encode AP isoenzymes in humans and rodents. Three AP genes are expressed in a tissue-specific manner (i.e., placental, embryonic, and intestinal AP isoenzymes). Expression of the fourth AP gene is nonspecific to a single tissue and is especially abundant in bone, liver, and kidney. This isoenzyme is also called tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). The enzyme tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) belongs to the ectophosphatase family. TNAP is present in large amounts in bone in which it pla

Interleukin-21 also known as IL-21 is a protein that in mouse is encoded by the IL21 gene, belongs to the IL-15/IL-21 family. Interleukin-21 is a cytokine that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells that can destroy virally infected or cancerous cells. This cytokine induces cell division/proliferation in its target cells.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. The process of removing the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation. As the name suggests, alkaline phosphatases are most effective in an alkaline environment. It is sometimes used synonymously as basic phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatases (APs) are ubiquitous in many species, from bacteria to human. Four genes encode AP isoenzymes in humans and rodents. Three AP genes are expressed in a tissue-specific manner (i.e., placental, embryonic, and intestinal AP isoenzymes). Expression of the fourth AP gene is nonspecific to a single tissue and is especially abundant in bone, liver, and kidney. This isoenzyme is also called tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). The enzyme tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) belongs to the ectophosphatase family. TNAP is present in large amounts in bone in which it pla

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a glycoprotein hormone which belongs to the EPO/TPO family. It produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets.Mature mouse Tpo shares 71% and 81% aa sequence homology with human and rat Tpo, respectively. It is an 80-85 kDa protein that consists of an N-terminal domain with homology to Erythropoietin (Epo) and a C-terminal domain that contains multiple N-linked and O-linked glycosylation sites. TPO stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that bud off large numbers of platelets. Lineage-specific cytokine affects the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes from their committed progenitor cells. It acts at a late stage of megakaryocyte development. It may be the major physiological regulator of circulating platelets.

Mouse Interleukin-1 (IL-1) designates two proteins, IL-1α and IL-1β, which are the products of distinct genes, but recognize the same cell surface receptors. IL-1α and IL-1β are structurally related polypeptides that show approximately 25% homology at the amino acid level. Both proteins are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to stimuli such as those produced by inflammatory agents, infections, or microbial endotoxins. The proteins are synthesized as 31 kDa precursors that are subsequently cleaved into proteins with molecular weights of approximately 17.5 kDa.

Required for correct progression through G2 phase of the cell cycle and entry into mitosis. Required for RCOR1/CoREST mediated repression of neuronal specific gene promoters.Ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues. Contains 1 HMG box DNA-binding domain.