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Furin (Fur), also known as PACE, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FURIN gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme which belongs to the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family. The FUR gene is located approximately 1 kb upstream of the FES gene on chromosome 15q25-q26. This gene is thought to play a role in tumor progression. Furin is one of the proteases responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of HIV envelope polyprotein precursor gp160 to gp120 and gp41 prior to viral assembly. Furin is enriched in the Golgi apparatus, where it functions to cleave other proteins into their mature/active forms. Expression of furin in T-cells is required for maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance.

Thrombomodulin(TM), CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and serves as a cofactor for thrombin. It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme from a procoagulant enzyme. Thrombomodulin is also expressed on human mesothelial cell, monocyte and a dendritic cell subset. In humans, thrombomodulin is encoded by the THBD gene. The protein has a molecular mass of 74kDa, and consists of a single chain with 5 distinct domains. Thrombomodulin functions as a cofactor in the thrombin-induced activation of protein C in the anticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This raises the speed of protein C activation thousandfold. Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin has procoagulant effect at the same time by inhibiting fibrinolysis by cleaving thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor(TAFI,aka carboxypeptidase B2) into its active form. Thrombomodulin is a glycoprotein on the surface of

C-X-C motif chemokine 5 is a protein that in humans encoded by the CXCL5 gene. The protein encoded by this gene, CXCL5 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78(ENA-78). It is produced following stimulation of cells with the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Expression of CXCL5 has also been observed in eosinophils, and can be inhibited with the type II interferon IFN-gamma. This chemokine stimulates the chemotaxis of neutrophils possessing angiogenic properties. It elicits these effects by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL5 is encoded on four exons and is located on human chromosome 4 amongst several other CXC chemokine genes. CXCL5 has been implicated in connective tissue remodeling. CXCL5 plays a role in reducing sensitivity to sunburn pain in some subjects, and is a potential target which can be utilized to understan

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 also known as TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis(TWEAK) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF12 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for the FN14/TWEAKR receptor. This cytokine has overlapping signaling functions with TNF, but displays a much wider tissue distribution. This cytokine can induce apoptosis via multiple pathways of cell death in a cell type-specific manner. This cytokine is also found to promote proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, and thus acts as a regulator of angiogenesis. The TNFSF12 gene lies 878 bp upstream of the putative transcriptional start site of the TNFSF13 gene on chromosome 17p13.1.

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13(TNFSF13) also known as a proliferation-inducing ligand(APRIL) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13 gene. TNFSF13 has also been designated CD256(cluster of differentiation 256). The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand(TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for TNFRSF17/BCMA, a member of the TNF receptor family. This protein and its receptor are both found to be important for B cell development. In vivo experiments suggest an important role for APRIL in the long-term survival of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Mice deficient in April showed a reduced ability to support plasma cell survival In vitro experiments suggested that this protein may be able to induce apoptosis through its interaction with other TNF receptor family proteins such asTNFRSF6/FAS and TNFRSF14/HVEM. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported

SCGB1A1(secretoglobin family 1A member 1) also known as Uteroglobin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCGB1A1 gene. SCGB1A1 is the founding member of the secretoglobin family of small, secreted, disulfide-bridged dimeric proteins found only in mammals. This protein is specifically expressed in Clara cells in the lungs. Numerous studies demonstrated that UG is a multifunctional protein with anti-inflammatory/ immunomodulatory properties. It inhibits soluble phospholipase A(2) activity and binds and perhaps sequesters hydrophobic ligands such as progesterone, retinols, polychlorinated biphenyls, phospholipids, and prostaglandins. In addition to its anti-inflammatory activities, UG manifests antichemotactic, antiallergic, antitumorigenic, and embryonic growth-stimulatory activities.

Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) is a 75 - 80 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein associated with the clearance of cellular debris and apoptosis.[1] In humans, clusterin is encoded by the CLU gene. This protein has several synonyms: dimeric acidic glycoprotein(DAG protein), testosterone repressed prostate message-2(TRPM-2), sulfated glycoprotein-2(SGP-2) and complement lysis inhibitor(CLI). Clusterin was mapped to mouse chromosome 14. Clusterin is a ubiquitously expressed molecule thought to influence a variety of processes including cell death. In the brain, it accumulates in dying neurons following seizures and hypoxic-ischemic(H-I) injury. clusterin may be a new therapeutic target to modulate non-caspase-dependent neuronal death following acute brain injury.

CD23, also known as Fc epsilon RII, or FcεRII, is the "low-affinity" receptor for IgE, an antibody isotype involved in allergy and resistance to parasites, and is important in regulation of IgE levels. There are two forms of CD23: CD23a and CD23b. CD23a is present on follicular B cells, whereas CD23b requires IL-4 to be expressed on T-cells, monocytes, Langerhans cells, eosinophils, and macrophages. As part of a mapping of multiple probes to specific bands on chromosome 19 by fluorescence in situ hybridization, the CD23 gene was assigned to 19p13.3. And CD23 (FCE2) is a key molecule for B-cell activation and growth. It is the low-affinity receptor for IgE. The truncated molecule can be secreted, then functioning as a potent mitogenic growth factor.

Dickkopf-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DKK1 gene, which was mapped to chromosome 10q11.2. This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is a secreted protein with two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. Elevated levels of DKK1 in bone marrow, plasma and peripheral blood is associated with the presence of osteolytic bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma.