ELISA Kits

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant protein in the serum which accounts for 75% of the total immunoglobulins in the plasma of healthy individuals. IgG is a major effector molecule of the humoral immune response in humans and provides defense against parasitic invasion. IgG molecules (Fc portion) react with Fc-gamma receptors that are present on the surfaces of macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and can activate the complement system. IgG is produced in a delayed response to an infection and can be retained in the body for a long time. IgG is the major class of the five classes of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE) in human beings. These closely related glycoproteins, composed of 82–96% protein and 4–18% carbohydrate, differ in heavy chain structure and have unique profile with respect to antigen binding, immune complex formation, complement activation, triggering of effector cells and placental transport. IgG can be further divided into four subclasses,

IgM (immunoglobulin M) is the is the third most abundant and largest antibody in the human circulatory system. IgM is expressed on the surface of immature and mature B cells as a monomer and is expressed in a secreted form as a pentamer with very high avidity. IgM is the first human immunoglobulin to appear in response to initial exposure to an antigen and eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG. IgM is a strong complement activator and agglutinator due to its pentameric structure and binds fragment crystallization (Fc) receptors. IgM has a molecular mass of approximately 970 kDa in its pentamer form with ten binding sites. Typically, however, IgM cannot bind 10 antigens at the same time because the large size of most antigens hampers binding to neighboring sites. IgM antibodies do not pass across the human placenta. IgM antibodies are very useful in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. The presence of IgM antibodie

Activin A is a homodimer of 14kDa beta-A. Activin A, a cytokine member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is expressed locally by the mesenchymal component of the hemopoietic microenvironment. Its expression is regulated on the mRNA level by different cytokines, and the biological activity of the protein is tightly controlled by several inhibitory molecules. Inhibins and activins are members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and are known to modulate the growth and differentiation of several cell types. Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. I

Activin A is a homodimer of 14kDa beta-A. Activin A, a cytokine member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is expressed locally by the mesenchymal component of the hemopoietic microenvironment. Its expression is regulated on the mRNA level by different cytokines, and the biological activity of the protein is tightly controlled by several inhibitory molecules. Inhibins and activins are members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and are known to modulate the growth and differentiation of several cell types. Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. I

Activin A is a homodimer of 14kDa beta-A. Activin A, a cytokine member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is expressed locally by the mesenchymal component of the hemopoietic microenvironment. Its expression is regulated on the mRNA level by different cytokines, and the biological activity of the protein is tightly controlled by several inhibitory molecules. Inhibins and activins are members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and are known to modulate the growth and differentiation of several cell types. Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. I

Amphiregulin, also known as AREG, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AREG gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the epidermal growth factor family. This gene is mapped to 4q13.1. It is an autocrine growth factor as well as a mitogen for astrocytes, Schwann cells, fibroblasts. Amphiregulin is related to epidermal growth factor(EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha(TGF-alpha). This protein interacts with the Epidermal growth factor receptor to promote the growth of normal epithelial cells. It has been found that transgene integration and subsequent expression of Amphiregulin in basal keratinocytes correlated with a psoriasis-like skin phenotype, and its expression was increased in parallel with typical Th2 cytokines. Amphiregulin is also an important paracrine mediator of estrogen function specifically required for puberty-induced ductal elongation but not for any earlier or later developmental stages, and it can enhance resistance to nematodes.

Angiogenin(Ang) also known as ribonuclease 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANG gene. Angiogenin is a potent stimulator of new blood vessel formation. It hydrolyzes cellular tRNAs resulting in decreased protein synthesis and is similar to pancreatic ribonuclease. Hooper et al.(2003) reviewed the evidence that angiogenins are involved in host defense and noted that inflammation provokes upregulated ANG mRNA expression in liver and an increase in detectable ANG protein in serum. Weremowicz et al.(1989, 1990) assigned the human angiogenin gene to chromosome 14q11.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) is a prosurvival factor induced by cortical neurons that is necessary for survival of striatal neurons in the brain. It is a secreted protein with the molecular weight of 27.8kDa, consisting of 247 amino acids. It is known to promote neuronal survival and differentiation. BDNF shares substantial amino acid sequence identity with nerve growth factor(NGF). BDNF and neurotrophin-3(NT-3) are two recently cloned neurotrophic factors that are homologous to NGF. mRNA products of the BDNF and NT-3 genes are detected in the adult human brain, suggesting that these proteins are involved in the maintenance of the adult nervous system. BDNF and other neurotrophins are critically involved in long-term potentiation(LTP). BDNF-mediated LTP is induced postsynaptically. BDNF has trophic effects on serotonergic(5-HT) neurons in the central nervous system. BDNF has an essential maintenance function in the regulation of anxiety-related behavior and in food intake th

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) is a prosurvival factor induced by cortical neurons that is necessary for survival of striatal neurons in the brain. It is a secreted protein with the molecular weight of 27.8kDa, consisting of 247 amino acids. It is known to promote neuronal survival and differentiation. BDNF shares substantial amino acid sequence identity with nerve growth factor(NGF). BDNF and neurotrophin-3(NT-3) are two recently cloned neurotrophic factors that are homologous to NGF. mRNA products of the BDNF and NT-3 genes are detected in the adult human brain, suggesting that these proteins are involved in the maintenance of the adult nervous system. BDNF and other neurotrophins are critically involved in long-term potentiation(LTP). BDNF-mediated LTP is induced postsynaptically. BDNF has trophic effects on serotonergic(5-HT) neurons in the central nervous system. BDNF has an essential maintenance function in the regulation of anxiety-related behavior and in food intake th