Activators & Inhibitors

C22 Galactosylceramide (d18:1/22:0) (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T38281). C22 Galactosylceramide is a sphingolipid that has been found in the central nervous system.1,2C22 Galactosylceramide levels are increased in the spinal cord, but not the brain or liver, of mice fed a methionine-restricted diet.1C22 Galactosylceramide has been found in postmortem hippocampus from patients with Alzheimer's disease.2[Matreya, LLC.]

C22 Glucosylceramide (d18:1/22:0) (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T38282). C22 Glucosylceramide (d18:1/22:0) is an endogenous glucosylceramide. Glucosylceramides are major constituents of skin lipid membranes where they play a role in maintaining the water permeability barrier. They are precursors in the synthesis of lactosylceramide , as well as oligoglycolipids and gangliosides. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) type XIIA knockdown increases C22 glucosylceramide (d18:1/22:0) expression in rat brain. It is also increased in the brain, but not the liver or spinal cord, of mice fed a methionine-restricted diet. In human athletes, plasma levels of C22 glucosylceramide (d18:1/22:0) increase during exercise and return to basal levels during recovery. This product contains C22 glucosylceramide (d18:1/22:0) isolated from bovine buttermilk.

Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T38283). Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide is an endogenous sulfated glycolipid, which are also known as sulfatides . Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide is the major sulfatide in mature myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Levels of Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide are elevated in plasma derived from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency, leading to sulfatide accumulation. Unlike C24:1 3'-sulfo galactosylceramide, it does not induce an immune response in mouse splenocytes in vitro.

C24 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0/24:0) (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T38284). C24 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0/24:0) is a very long-chain atypical ceramide containing a 1-deoxysphinganine backbone. 1-Deoxysphingolipids are formed when serine palmitoyltransferase condenses palmitoyl-CoA with alanine instead of serine during sphingolipid synthesis.1,2 C24 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0/24:0) has been found in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) following application of 1-deoxysphinganine alkyne or 1-deoxysphinganine-d3.3 It has also been found in mouse brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve at one, three, and six months of age.4

C24:1 3'-sulfo Galactosylceramide (d18:1/24:1(15Z)) (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T38285). C24:1 3'-sulfo Galactosylceramide (d18:1/24:1(15Z)) is the predominant sulfate analog in the mature myelin sheath. C24:1 3'-sulfo Galactosylceramide (d18:1/24:1(15Z)) interacted with C-type lectin and immunoglobulin-like receptors to give the highest affinity for LMIR5. Galactosylceramide (d18:1/24:1(15Z)) induces MCP-1 production by basophils, which activates NFAT by increasing LMIR5, but not mast cells .C24:1 3'-sulfo Galactosylceramide (d18:1/24:1(15Z)) binds in vitro to CD1d binding and increased the proliferation of free mouse splenocytes.

C26 Sphingomyelin (d18:1/26:0) (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T38286). C26 Sphingomyelin is a sphingolipid that has been found in serum and cell or brain extracts.1,2,3C26 sphingomyelin levels are increased in the serum of patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, an inflammatory condition characterized by excessive immune activation.3C26 sphingomyelin has been used a component of monolayers to study the influence of sphingomyelin acyl chain length on sphingomyelin-sterol interactions.4[Matreya, LLC.]

C3a Receptor Agonist (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T38287). C3a Receptor Agonist (C3a receptor agonist 1) binds the G protein-coupled C3a receptors (C3aRs) in the immune system complement pathway. Activation of C3aR prevents neutrophils from being mobilized in a model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. C3aRs are expressed on neural progenitor cells and immature neurons in adult mice. C3a stimulates differentiation of neural progenitor cells in vitro.

Leucomycin A13 (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T38289). Leucomycin A13 is a macrolide antibiotic and a component of the leucomycin complex originally isolated from S. kitasatoensis. It is active against B. subtilis, S. aureus, M. luteus, and E. coli with MIC values of 0.16, 0.16, 0.08, and >10 μg/ml, respectively. It binds to ribosomes with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM in a radioligand binding assay.

Ginsenoside F3 (Legacy Tebubio ref. 282T3829). Ginsenoside-F3 has immunoenhancing activity by regulating production and gene expression of type 1, type 2 cytokines in murine spleen cells. Ginsenoside-F3 enhances the NF-kappaB DNA binding activity induced by ConA in murine spleen cells (10 μM).