Peptides & Amino Acids

Angiotensin II plays an essential role in the maintenance of blood pressure and blood volume. It is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction, a sensation of thirst, and stimulation of the adrenal cortex and aldosterone. Derived from the cleavage of angiotensin I by the angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II is involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensin II is the subject of much scientific research and is already the target of many anti-hypertensive drugs (ACE inhibitors, ARBs or AT1 receptor antagonists). Involvement in Covid-19 : The Sars-CoV-2 responsible for Covid-19 binds to angiotensin II converting enzyme receptors to infect human cells. These receptors are found in large numbers in certain organs, so the virus can have deleterious effects: – in the nose, these receptors are numerous on the mucous membrane, resulting in the loss of the sense of smell; – In the brain, these receptors are present in the cortex and brain stem and affected patients suf

APYTFGQGTK peptide is a sequence from light chain of Adalimumab monoclonal antibody. Due to its universal location in Adalimumab antibody, APYTFGQGTK is used as a specific signature peptide for the quantitation of Adalimumab. Indeed, proteomic studies allows quantification of proteins in blood samples. What is Adalimumab? Adalimumab corresponds to a therapeutic monoclonal antibody. It is a subcutaneously administered biological disease modifier for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic debilitating diseases mediated by tumor necrosis factor. This drug is frequently known as Humira.

Pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) is a universal peptide that activates CD4+ T cells which can be used as an agonist adjuvant.

Survivin protein: Survivin, also called BIRC5, is a member of the apoptosis inhibitor protein family containing a baculovirus domain. Survivin is overexpressed in most human cancers but rarely express in normal differentiated adult tissues. Survivin protein inhibits caspase activation leading to negative regulation of cell death and promote cell proliferation. Survivin localizes in G2/M phase in cell cycle and interacts with tubulin during mitosis. It has been demonstrated that Survivin expression seems to be regulated by the tumor protein p53. Human Survivin contains HLA-A*02:01 binding motifs. Applications of A*02:01/Human Survivin (96-104): A*02:01/Human Survivin (96-104) HLA-A*02:01-restricted can be recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes on MHC I. Therefore, A*02:01/Human Survivin (96-104) may serve as a target for therapeutics CTL responses and for anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies. A*02:01/Human Survivin (96-104) is used to stimulate CTL responses in peripheral blood mono

FluM1 (58-66) is a short part of the matrix protein of Influenza A virus which is the most abundant component of this enveloped virus localized under the viral lipid envelope. The GILGFVFTL epitope is highly conserved in Influenza A virus strains at a rate of 93% for 69 strains tested. Human Influenza epitopes may bind MHC molecules and then may be recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Applications of FluM1 (58-66): FluM1 (58-66) is used to stimulate CTL responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, ELISPOT assay is used to quantify peptide epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. FluM1 (58-66) has shown CTL responses qualified of immunodominant with restriction by HLA-A*02:01. It has also been detected CTL responses when FluM1 (58-66) is restricted by all HLA-C. Therefore, FluM1 (58-66) may help to understand the reaction of immune system against Influenza virus of each populations having different HLA type. FluM1 (58-66) has indeed prompted research t

HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85), also called SL9, is a short part of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 especially a short peptide of matrix composed of the viral protein p17 ensuring the integrity of the virion particle. HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) HLA-A*02:01-restricted was one of the first cytotoxic T lymphocytes epitope identified for HIV-1. It produces a specific cytotoxic T cells response in 75% of chronically infected adults but a rare activity in acute infection. Therefore, HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) may serve as target for anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies especially for vaccine development. Applications of HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85): HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) is used to stimulate CTL responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, ELISPOT assay is used to quantify peptide epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. Potential cross-reactivities with FluM1 (58-66) and HCV NS5B (2594-2602): Moreover, HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) share similarities with FluM1 (58-66) which can potent

HCV NS5B (2594-2602) is an epitope of the non-structural protein 5B of Hepatitis C Virus. HCV NS5B contains CD8 + T cell epitopes that might be implicated in improvement of immunotherapeutic strategies for efficient vaccine development against HCV. Applications of HCV NS5B (2594-2602): HCV NS5B (2594-2602) is used to stimulate specific-cytotoxic T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, ELISPOT assay is used to quantify peptide epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. HCV NS5B (2594-2602) was used as a candidate HCV antigen for vaccine development and CD8 + T cell responses against HCV NS5B (2594-2602) have been detected. Results of ELISPOT assay has shown HCV NS5B (2594-2602)-cytotoxic T cell responses in cells with HLA-A*02:01 type. Potential cross-reactivity with HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85): Similarities between two HLA-A2-restricted epitopes of two viruses have been demonstrated: the amino acid sequence of HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) (SLYNTVATL) and o

Ovalbumin protein: Ova (323-339) is an epitope of interest of the egg white albumen, which is widely used in allergy research. Ovalbumin is a glycoprotein that is sufficiently large and complex to be mildly immunogenic. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that Ovalbumin contains B-cell epitopes which are recognized by specific IgE antibodies and CD4 T cell epitopes restricted by the MHC I-Ad molecule in mice and by HLA-D molecule in human. Applications of Ova (323-339): Ova (323-339) allows to study bindings of class II MHC-peptide and T-cell activation in PBMCs by ELISPOT assays. In fact, this method quantifies peptide epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. It has been shown that Ova (323-339) was responsible for 25-35% of T-cell response of isolated BALB/c mouse. An investigation has demonstrated that Ova and Ova (323-339) induced similar lung inflammation and a Th2-like dominant immune response in mouse model.

CD20 (188-196) is a short part of a membrane phosphoprotein, CD20, which is expressed on the surface of B cells. CD20 receptor is an important target for immunotherapy against B cell lymphoma. CD20 epitopes are used in antibodies CD20 production, such as the production of the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for the treatment of lymphoma. Applications of CD20 (188-196): CD20 (188-196) is involved in research to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes and stimulate CTL responses against B cell diseases. The production of specific T cells and IFN-γ are quantified by ELISPOT. CD20 (188-196) has been identified as a highly immunogenic HLA-A2 restricted peptide. Results suggest that CD20 (188-196) may serve in immunotherapeutic strategies especially for vaccine development against certain type of blood cancer. CD20 (188-196) is also used in research on cell therapy as target for T cell receptor. In fact, T cells are modified in vivo to express specific T cell receptor and then inject modi