Peptides & Amino Acids

Heavy calcitonin peptide – Stable Isotope PeptideHuman Calcitonin (hCT) is a 32-amino acid hormone peptide belonging to the Calcitonin/Calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) family, that also comprises amylin, adrenomedullin (AM) and adrenomedullin2/intermedin (AM2/IMD). Calcitonin is characterized by a N-terminal disulfide bond that forms a 7 amino acid ring structure, a region with a α-helix tendency and an amidated C-terminus1.Calcitonin peptide is produced by C cells of the thyroid gland and binds preferentially to the G-protein coupled receptor, calcitonin receptor (CTR)1. Calcitonin receptor signals through activated Gs protein and the production of cAMP second messenger molecules by adenylyl cyclase1. The dissociation constant (Kd) of calcitonin receptors expressed by a human ovarian small cell carcinoma line is approximately 4.6 nM for human Calcitonin2.Calcitonin is involved in the homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus, and the regulation of bone dynamics. At the basal state,

MiniAP-4 peptide is a short nontoxic derivative of apamin (a neurotoxin from bee venom) used as a blood-brain barrier (BBB) shuttle peptide. The blood brain barrier has been known as the major barrier for drug delivery to the brain. Therefore, BBB shuttle peptides can be used to bind therapeutic molecules to allow their distribution in the central nervous system (CNS). BBB shuttle peptides are a good way to enable central nervous system therapies because these molecules are more economical, less immunogenic, and have higher chemical versatility than large proteins. On the other hand, they are often metabolized by serum proteases.To overcome this problem, some peptides found in venoms can target the CNS directly, such as apamin, which has been modified to form MiniAp-4 (a non-toxic and non-immunogenic apamin derivative) which stands out as the vector of choice. Indeed, this carrier, MiniAp-4 peptide, is protease-resistant and has negligible toxicity and immunogenicity.

Angiotensin II plays an essential role in the maintenance of blood pressure and blood volume. It is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction, a sensation of thirst, and stimulation of the adrenal cortex and aldosterone. Derived from the cleavage of angiotensin I by the angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II is involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensin II is the subject of much scientific research and is already the target of many anti-hypertensive drugs (ACE inhibitors, ARBs or AT1 receptor antagonists). Involvement in Covid-19 : The Sars-CoV-2 responsible for Covid-19 binds to angiotensin II converting enzyme receptors to infect human cells. These receptors are found in large numbers in certain organs, so the virus can have deleterious effects: – in the nose, these receptors are numerous on the mucous membrane, resulting in the loss of the sense of smell; – In the brain, these receptors are present in the cortex and brain stem and affected patients suf

APYTFGQGTK peptide is a sequence from light chain of Adalimumab monoclonal antibody. Due to its universal location in Adalimumab antibody, APYTFGQGTK is used as a specific signature peptide for the quantitation of Adalimumab. Indeed, proteomic studies allows quantification of proteins in blood samples. What is Adalimumab? Adalimumab corresponds to a therapeutic monoclonal antibody. It is a subcutaneously administered biological disease modifier for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic debilitating diseases mediated by tumor necrosis factor. This drug is frequently known as Humira.

Pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) is a universal peptide that activates CD4+ T cells which can be used as an agonist adjuvant.

Survivin protein: Survivin, also called BIRC5, is a member of the apoptosis inhibitor protein family containing a baculovirus domain. Survivin is overexpressed in most human cancers but rarely express in normal differentiated adult tissues. Survivin protein inhibits caspase activation leading to negative regulation of cell death and promote cell proliferation. Survivin localizes in G2/M phase in cell cycle and interacts with tubulin during mitosis. It has been demonstrated that Survivin expression seems to be regulated by the tumor protein p53. Human Survivin contains HLA-A*02:01 binding motifs. Applications of A*02:01/Human Survivin (96-104): A*02:01/Human Survivin (96-104) HLA-A*02:01-restricted can be recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes on MHC I. Therefore, A*02:01/Human Survivin (96-104) may serve as a target for therapeutics CTL responses and for anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies. A*02:01/Human Survivin (96-104) is used to stimulate CTL responses in peripheral blood mono

FluM1 (58-66) is a short part of the matrix protein of Influenza A virus which is the most abundant component of this enveloped virus localized under the viral lipid envelope. The GILGFVFTL epitope is highly conserved in Influenza A virus strains at a rate of 93% for 69 strains tested. Human Influenza epitopes may bind MHC molecules and then may be recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Applications of FluM1 (58-66): FluM1 (58-66) is used to stimulate CTL responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, ELISPOT assay is used to quantify peptide epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. FluM1 (58-66) has shown CTL responses qualified of immunodominant with restriction by HLA-A*02:01. It has also been detected CTL responses when FluM1 (58-66) is restricted by all HLA-C. Therefore, FluM1 (58-66) may help to understand the reaction of immune system against Influenza virus of each populations having different HLA type. FluM1 (58-66) has indeed prompted research t

HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85), also called SL9, is a short part of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 especially a short peptide of matrix composed of the viral protein p17 ensuring the integrity of the virion particle. HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) HLA-A*02:01-restricted was one of the first cytotoxic T lymphocytes epitope identified for HIV-1. It produces a specific cytotoxic T cells response in 75% of chronically infected adults but a rare activity in acute infection. Therefore, HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) may serve as target for anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies especially for vaccine development. Applications of HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85): HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) is used to stimulate CTL responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, ELISPOT assay is used to quantify peptide epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. Potential cross-reactivities with FluM1 (58-66) and HCV NS5B (2594-2602): Moreover, HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) share similarities with FluM1 (58-66) which can potent

HCV NS5B (2594-2602) is an epitope of the non-structural protein 5B of Hepatitis C Virus. HCV NS5B contains CD8 + T cell epitopes that might be implicated in improvement of immunotherapeutic strategies for efficient vaccine development against HCV. Applications of HCV NS5B (2594-2602): HCV NS5B (2594-2602) is used to stimulate specific-cytotoxic T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, ELISPOT assay is used to quantify peptide epitope specificity and IFN-γ releasing effector cells. HCV NS5B (2594-2602) was used as a candidate HCV antigen for vaccine development and CD8 + T cell responses against HCV NS5B (2594-2602) have been detected. Results of ELISPOT assay has shown HCV NS5B (2594-2602)-cytotoxic T cell responses in cells with HLA-A*02:01 type. Potential cross-reactivity with HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85): Similarities between two HLA-A2-restricted epitopes of two viruses have been demonstrated: the amino acid sequence of HIV-1 p17 Gag (77-85) (SLYNTVATL) and o