Peptides & Amino Acids

Apelin (APLN) is an endogenous ligand for APJ, an alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection. It inhibits HIV-1 entry in cells coexpressing CD4 and APJ. It is widely expressed in various organs. Apelin-36 has a greater inhibitory activity on HIV infection than other synthetic apelin derivatives. The oral intake in the colostrum and the milk could have a role in the modulation of the immune responses in neonates. May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing AVP release and drinking behavior. Recently, 46 different apelin peptides ranging from apelin 55 (proapelin) to apelin 12 have been identified in bovine colostrum.

Parathyroid hormone (pTH) is the most important endocrine regulator of Ca2+ and phosphorus concentration in the extracellular fluid. pTH is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and acts for the most part via the binding to specific G-protein coupled receptors on the surface of  target cells in bone and kidney, utilizing the second messenger adenylate cyclase to regulate cAMP levels in cells.  Like most other protein hormones, parathyroid hormone is synthesized as a preprohormone and is processed intracellularly.  The mature hormone, 84 amino acids in length, is released from secretory vesicles into the blood.  Biologic effects of large C-terminal parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragments, such as pTH 7-84, are thought to regulate PTH secretion via an autocrine/paracrine regulatory mechanism

Parathyroid hormone (pTH) is the most important endocrine regulator of Ca2+ and phosphorus concentration in the extracellular fluid. pTH is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and acts for the most part via the binding to specific G-protein coupled receptors on the surface of  target cells in bone and kidney, utilizing the second messenger adenylate cyclase to regulate cAMP levels in cells.  Like most other protein hormones, parathyroid hormone is synthesized as a preprohormone and is processed intracellularly.  The mature hormone, 84 amino acids in length, is released from secretory vesicles into the blood.  Biologic effects of large C-terminal parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragments, such as pTH 7-84, are thought to regulate PTH secretion via an autocrine/paracrine regulatory mechanism

Amyloid peptides, derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), are thought to play a role in the development of the senile plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The amyloid hypothesis presupposes that flaws in the processing of APP result in abnormally high levels of the longer, “stickier” forms of beta amyloid, known as Aβ42 and Aβ43, leading to aggregation of amyloid in the neuronal cell death and ultimately neuronal death. Mutations in the structure of Aβ40 and related peptides as well as in some of the enzymes involved in the processing of APP have been shown to alter the processing of APP. The sporadic (i.e., non-genetic) form of the disease, however, is far more common, caused by aging in concert with a number of both genetic and environmental risk factors.

Recombinant universal nuclease affinity-purified from E. coli with high endonuclease activity. Tolerates high concentrations of urea, which is commonly used for insoluble protein solubilization and purifications. Degrades all forms of DNA and RNA.

Pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) is a universal peptide that activates CD4+ T cells which can be used as an agonist adjuvant.

Universal Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) H2 I-Ab epitope for CD4+ T-cell recruitment and activation SB-PEPTIDE offers I-Ab restricted PADRE peptide ak(Cha)VAAWTLKAAa-Ahx-C. Pan DR-binding epitope (PADRE) is a universal synthetic peptide binding Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-II receptors, of which H2 complex (mouse MHC), present on specific immune cells. 4 class II loci exist in the region I of the H2 complex gene (see image below), known as Aa & Ea loci (α encoded) and Ab & Eb loci (β encoded), that are similar to the DR, DP and DQ loci of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex. I-Ab restricted PADRE peptide interacts specifically with mouse H2-I-Ab receptors that activate antigen specific CD4+ T-cells in the same way as PADRE peptide’s interaction with HLA-DR receptors. This feature places I-Ab restricted PADRE as promising adjuvant for immunotherapeutic vaccines against chronicle diseases such as infections, Alzheimer or cancer. Similarly to the original PADRE pep

Universal Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) H2 I-Ab epitope for CD4+ T-cell recruitment and activation SB-PEPTIDE offers I-Ab restricted PADRE peptide ak(Cha)VAAWTLKAAa-Ahx-C. Pan DR-binding epitope (PADRE) is a universal synthetic peptide binding Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-II receptors, of which H2 complex (mouse MHC), present on specific immune cells. 4 class II loci exist in the region I of the H2 complex gene (see image below), known as Aa & Ea loci (α encoded) and Ab & Eb loci (β encoded), that are similar to the DR, DP and DQ loci of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex. I-Ab restricted PADRE peptide interacts specifically with mouse H2-I-Ab receptors that activate antigen specific CD4+ T-cells in the same way as PADRE peptide’s interaction with HLA-DR receptors. This feature places I-Ab restricted PADRE as promising adjuvant for immunotherapeutic vaccines against chronicle diseases such as infections, Alzheimer or cancer. Similarly to the original PADRE pep