Cytokines & Chemokines

OX40 is a T cell co-stimulatory molecule of the TNF receptor superfamily that coordinates with other co-stimulators (CD28, CD40, CD30, CD27 and 4-1BB) to manage the activation of the immune response. Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4 (TNFSF4) is also known as glycoprotein Gp34, OX40 ligand (OX40L), TAX transcriptionally-activated glycoprotein 1 and CD252, which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family. TNFSF4 is the ligand for CD134 and is expressed on cells such as DC2s (a subtype of dendritic cells) enabling amplification of Th2 cell differentiation. OX40 is constitutively expressed on Tregs and enhances the sensitivity of Tregs to IL-2, thus promoting Treg proliferation. OX40 has also shown to decrease the cells’ immunosuppressive activity on effector T cells. OX40-OX40 Ligand signaling is involved in allergic airway inflammation, graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disease.

OX40 is a T cell co-stimulatory molecule of the TNF receptor superfamily that coordinates with other co-stimulators (CD28, CD40, CD30, CD27 and 4-1BB) to manage the activation of the immune response. Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4 (TNFSF4) is also known as glycoprotein Gp34, OX40 ligand (OX40L), TAX transcriptionally-activated glycoprotein 1 and CD252, which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family. TNFSF4 is the ligand for CD134 and is expressed on cells such as DC2s (a subtype of dendritic cells) enabling amplification of Th2 cell differentiation. OX40 is constitutively expressed on Tregs and enhances the sensitivity of Tregs to IL-2, thus promoting Treg proliferation. OX40 has also shown to decrease the cells’ immunosuppressive activity on effector T cells. OX40-OX40 Ligand signaling is involved in allergic airway inflammation, graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disease.

V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), also known as B7-H5, is a type I transmembrane protein that functions as an immune checkpoint. VISTA belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has one IgV domain. It is primarily expressed in white blood cells and its transcription is partially controlled by p53. VISTA can act as both a ligand and a receptor on T cells to inhibit T cell effector function and maintain peripheral tolerance. VISTA may also promote differentiation of embryonic stem cells by inhibiting BMP4 signaling (By similarity) and may stimulate MMP14-mediated MMP2 activation.

V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), also known as B7-H5, is a type I transmembrane protein that functions as an immune checkpoint. VISTA belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has one IgV domain. It is primarily expressed in white blood cells and its transcription is partially controlled by p53. VISTA can act as both a ligand and a receptor on T cells to inhibit T cell effector function and maintain peripheral tolerance. VISTA may also promote differentiation of embryonic stem cells by inhibiting BMP4 signaling (By similarity) and may stimulate MMP14-mediated MMP2 activation.

V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), also known as B7-H5, is a type I transmembrane protein that functions as an immune checkpoint. VISTA belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has one IgV domain. It is primarily expressed in white blood cells and its transcription is partially controlled by p53. VISTA can act as both a ligand and a receptor on T cells to inhibit T cell effector function and maintain peripheral tolerance. VISTA may also promote differentiation of embryonic stem cells by inhibiting BMP4 signaling (By similarity) and may stimulate MMP14-mediated MMP2 activation.

CD96 (Cluster of Differentiation 96), also known as Tactile (T cell activation, increased late expression), is a receptor protein which is expressed on T cells and NK cells and shares sequence similarity with CD226 (also known as DNAM-1). The main ligand of CD96 is CD155 and CD96 competes with CD226 for binding to CD155. This protein belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and may play a role in the adhesive interactions of activated T and NK cells during the late phase of the immune response. It may also promote NK cell-target adhesion by interacting with PVR present on target cells and function in antigen presentation.

CD96 (Cluster of Differentiation 96), also known as Tactile (T cell activation, increased late expression), is a receptor protein which is expressed on T cells and NK cells and shares sequence similarity with CD226 (also known as DNAM-1). The main ligand of CD96 is CD155 and CD96 competes with CD226 for binding to CD155. This protein belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and may play a role in the adhesive interactions of activated T and NK cells during the late phase of the immune response. It may also promote NK cell-target adhesion by interacting with PVR present on target cells and function in antigen presentation.

CD96 (Cluster of Differentiation 96), also known as Tactile (T cell activation, increased late expression), is a receptor protein which is expressed on T cells and NK cells and shares sequence similarity with CD226 (also known as DNAM-1). The main ligand of CD96 is CD155 and CD96 competes with CD226 for binding to CD155. This protein belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and may play a role in the adhesive interactions of activated T and NK cells during the late phase of the immune response. It may also promote NK cell-target adhesion by interacting with PVR present on target cells and function in antigen presentation.

CD48 antigen (Cluster of Differentiation 48) also known as B-lymphocyte activation marker (BLAST-1) or signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2 (SLAMF2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD48 gene. CD48 is a member of the CD2 subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) which includes SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecules) proteins, such as CD84, CD150, CD229 and CD244. CD48 is found on the surface of lymphocytes and other immune cells, dendritic cells and endothelial cells, and participates in activation and differentiation pathways in these cells. CD48 was the first B-cell-specific cellular differentiation antigen identified in transformed B lymphoblasts.