Cytokines & Chemokines

Nectin-2, also known as CD112 (Cluster of Differentiation 226) and PVRL2 (Poliovirus receptor-related 2), is a human plasma membrane glycoprotein. This protein is a modulator of T-cell signaling and can be either a costimulator of T-cell function or a coinhibitor, depending on the receptor it binds to. Upon binding to CD226, it stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytokine production, including that of IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFNγ. It can also inhibit T-cell proliferation upon interaction with PVRIG. Nectin-2 also acts as a receptor for herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1) mutant Rid1, herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-2) and pseudorabies virus (PRV).

Nectin-2, also known as CD112 (Cluster of Differentiation 226) and PVRL2 (Poliovirus receptor-related 2), is a human plasma membrane glycoprotein. This protein is a modulator of T-cell signaling and can be either a costimulator of T-cell function or a coinhibitor, depending on the receptor it binds to. Upon binding to CD226, it stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytokine production, including that of IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFNγ. It can also inhibit T-cell proliferation upon interaction with PVRIG. Nectin-2 also acts as a receptor for herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1) mutant Rid1, herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-2) and pseudorabies virus (PRV).

T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) is an immune receptor present on some T cells and natural killer cells (NK). This protein could bind to CD155 (PVR) with high affinity, which causes increased secretion of IL-10 and decreased secretion of IL-12B and suppresses T-cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells. TIGIT could also bind to CD112 (PVRL2) with lower affinity. TIGIT's inhibition of NK cytotoxicity can be blocked by antibodies against its interaction with PVR and the activity is directed through its ITIM domain.

T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) is an immune receptor present on some T cells and natural killer cells (NK). This protein could bind to CD155 (PVR) with high affinity, which causes increased secretion of IL-10 and decreased secretion of IL-12B and suppresses T-cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells. TIGIT could also bind to CD112 (PVRL2) with lower affinity. TIGIT's inhibition of NK cytotoxicity can be blocked by antibodies against its interaction with PVR and the activity is directed through its ITIM domain.

T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) is an immune receptor present on some T cells and natural killer cells (NK). This protein could bind to CD155 (PVR) with high affinity, which causes increased secretion of IL-10 and decreased secretion of IL-12B and suppresses T-cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells. TIGIT could also bind to CD112 (PVRL2) with lower affinity. TIGIT's inhibition of NK cytotoxicity can be blocked by antibodies against its interaction with PVR and the activity is directed through its ITIM domain.

Dickkopf related protein 1 (DKK-1) is a chemokine that belongs to the DKK protein family, which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. It is one of the most up-regulated genes during androgen-potentiated balding, with DKK-1 messenger RNA up-regulated a few hours after DHT treatment of hair follicles at the dermal papilla in vitro. Neutralizing bodies against DKK-1 reverses DHT effects on outer root sheath keratinocytes. DKK-1 expression is attenuated by L-threonate, a metabolite of ascorbate in vitro. DKK-1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation as it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen. DKK-1 not only functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which indicate sits role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma.

Dickkopf related protein 1 (DKK-1) is a chemokine that belongs to the DKK protein family, which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. It is one of the most up-regulated genes during androgen-potentiated balding, with DKK-1 messenger RNA up-regulated a few hours after DHT treatment of hair follicles at the dermal papilla in vitro. Neutralizing bodies against DKK-1 reverses DHT effects on outer root sheath keratinocytes. DKK-1 expression is attenuated by L-threonate, a metabolite of ascorbate in vitro. DKK-1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation as it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen. DKK-1 not only functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which indicate sits role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma.

Dickkopf related protein 1 (DKK-1) is a chemokine that belongs to the DKK protein family, which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. It is one of the most up-regulated genes during androgen-potentiated balding, with DKK-1 messenger RNA up-regulated a few hours after DHT treatment of hair follicles at the dermal papilla in vitro. Neutralizing bodies against DKK-1 reverses DHT effects on outer root sheath keratinocytes. DKK-1 expression is attenuated by L-threonate, a metabolite of ascorbate in vitro. DKK-1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation as it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen. DKK-1 not only functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which indicate sits role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma.

SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) also known as 2019-nCoV (2019 Novel Coronavirus) is a virus that causes illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe diseases. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein is composed of S1 domain and S2 domain. S1 contains a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that can specifically bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor on target cells. It is believed that SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein (RBD) has potential value for the diagnosis of the virus.